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PRISONER TRIALS. “Lady Montague had Charles Maitland inoculate her 4-year-old daughter in the presence of physicians of the royal court. Charles Maitland was then granted the royal license to perform a trial of variolation on six prisoners in Newgate on August 9, 1721. The prisoners were granted the king's favor if they submitted to this experiment.” https://lnkd.in/eQfnZZv View in LinkedIn

EUKARYOTIC HOSTS. “In stark contrast to bacteria and archaea, eukaryotes are hosts to numerous, enormously diverse RNA viruses, as well as retroelements and retro-viruses.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12728/full View in LinkedIn

FIRST WESTERN ADVOCATE. “In 1715, Montagu had gone through her own bout of smallpox, and had been disfigured as a result. After learning about inoculation during her time in Turkey, she was determined to protect her six-year-old son from the disease through inoculation.” The vaccination occurred on March 1718, followed also successfully with her four year old daughter. https://lnkd.in/ezcRH6N View in LinkedIn

PROKARYOTIC HOSTS. “In prokaryotes, the great majority of viruses have dsDNA genomes, mostly within the range of 10–100 kb. The second most abundant class includes small ssDNA viruses. Retroelements comprise a small minority (no retroviruses are known), whereas RNA viruses are rare.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12728/full View in LinkedIn

SMALLPOX VARIOLATION “may have developed independently in China and India, because different routes of inoculation, nasal and cutaneous respectively, were used in these countries. It was said to have been introduced into Egypt by the Mamelukes in the 13th century, and was known in North and western Africa, at least from the late 17th century.” https://lnkd.in/edjPjCH View in LinkedIn

GENETIC DIFFERENCES. “The viromes (i.e., the compendia of all viruses and virus-like elements) of prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria) and eukaryotes are dramatically different.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12728/full View in LinkedIn

NASAL DRY POWDER VARIOLATION. “Chinese physicians discovered that when healthy people were exposed to smallpox scab tissue, they were less likely to get infected with the disease later on (or if they did, it was a much milder, less dangerous version). The most common form of inoculation in China was to crush smallpox scabs into powder, then breathe it in through the nose.” Achieved through the nasal mucosa. https://lnkd.in/ezcRH6N View in LinkedIn

REPLICONS. “Viruses do not reproduce by division, but are replicated by the self-assembly of preformed components. This, not size, differentiates them from cellular living organisms such as bacteria. A virus-infected cell is more like a car factory than a womb. Also, unlike living organisms, no virus has the means of generating its own energy – they are all energy pirates.” https://lnkd.in/eixJrrD View in LinkedIn

TENTH CENTURY SMALLPOX VACCINES. “In 429 BCE, Greek historian Thucydides recorded that people who survived the smallpox epidemic in Athens were safe from re-infection. 900-1000 AD. The first precursor to a modern vaccination, however, occurred in China. The Chinese were the first to develop a primitive form of a vaccine around the 10th century, according to the NHS. Known as variolation or inoculation, the method was developed to prevent smallpox.” https://lnkd.in/ezcRH6N View in LinkedIn

VARIOLATION. “Inoculation, hereafter referred to as variolation, was likely practiced in Africa, India, and China long before the 18th century, when it was introduced to Europe.” https://lnkd.in/eQfnZZv View in LinkedIn