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VIRAL PARASITES OF GIANT VIRUSES. “The virophages retain many features of polintoviruses but followed a different strategy to adapt to reproduction in the cytoplasm of the host cells. Instead of encoding their own machinery for cytoplasmic propagation, these viruses evolved to parasitize their giant relatives by exploiting the transcription apparatus and other functions of the giant viruses.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12728/full View in LinkedIn

ANCIENT ANCESTORS: polintoviruses as the first group of eukaryotic dsDNA viruses that evolved from prokaryotic viral ancestors and played a central role in the evolution of eukaryotic viruses and selfish elements.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12728/full View in LinkedIn

TWO VIRAL LIFE PATHS. By contrast with the Polintoviruses, “the “Megavirales” evolved via the route of increasing complexity and autonomy.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12728/full View in LinkedIn

Bottle and can deposit return scheme gets green light in England. Finally!! https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/mar/27/bottle-and-can-deposit-return-scheme-gets-green-light-in-england?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other View in LinkedIn

CYTOPLASMIC REPLICONS. “The escaped element that would replicate in the cytoplasm using the ancestral Polinton pPolB spawned two groups of mobile elements, namely cytoplasmic plasmids (so far found only in fungi) and the “Megavirales,” which share the unique trifunctional capping enzyme, RNAP, and D11-like helicase.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12728/full View in LinkedIn

NUCLEAR ESCAPE. “Polintoviruses reside in the nucleus of the host cell and, accordingly, rely on host enzymes for transcription. A key event for the emergence of the “Megavirales” was the escape from the nucleus, concomitant with the acquisition of the RNAP and the capping apparatus from the host.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12728/full View in LinkedIn

CREATION OF MEGAVIRALES. “Polintoviruses seem to have played a key role in the emergence of the “Megavirales,” the most abundant and diverse group of eukaryotic dsDNA viruses.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12728/full View in LinkedIn

CREATION OF SSDNA VIRUSES. “Polintoviruses also contributed the pPolB gene to the evolution of a remarkable family of ssDNA viruses, the Bidnaviridae, which emerged as a result of extensive gene shuffling between four groups of selfish elements.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12728/full View in LinkedIn

RIBOSOMAL RNA DOMAINS. “In contrast, the specific fourth-domain hypothesis drives directly from the original definition of the three domains of cellular life. These three domains, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota, are the three major trunks in the unrooted phylogenetic tree of 16S ribosomal RNA, which is topologically consistent with the phylogenies of most of the other (nearly) universal genes that encode primarily components of the translation and the core transcription machineries.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12728/full View in LinkedIn

UNKNOWN GENE SOURCE. “In general terms, the claim that giant viruses represent a fourth domain of life simply refers to the cell-like character of these viruses in terms of size of the virions and genomes and, in addition, to the observation that many genes of these viruses have no detectable homologs and so could have come from some unknown source.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12728/full View in LinkedIn