Category: Uncategorized

EXTERNAL REGULATORS. "It is clear that these trait-autonomous processes are also regulated at a higher level. In insects, developmental hormones such as the ecdysteroids and JHs and external factors such as starvation and extreme temperatures are known to affect whole-animal growth and thus also the final sizes of traits." (JH = juvenile hormone). http://www.pnas.org/content/95/7/3685.full View in LinkedIn

LIMITED RESOURCES. "Consequently, the number and the life expectancy of a B-cell clone vary according to the presence or absence of competitor populations. This process of lymphocyte competition is likely controlled by a common need for resources that are in limited supply." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0095.x/full View in LinkedIn

LYMPHOCYTE COMPETITION. "In an immune system where the total number of cells is limited, cell survival is no longer a passive phenomenon but rather a continuous active process where each lymphocyte must compete with other lymphocytes to survive." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0095.x/full View in LinkedIn

LYMPHOCYTE DYNAMICS. "In adult mice, the number of B lymphocytes remains constant under homeostatic control, in spite of the fact that B cells are produced continuously in numbers that largely exceed the number required to replenish the peripheral pools. It follows that each newly formed lymphocyte can only persist if another lymphocyte dies." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0095.x/full View in LinkedIn

LYMPHOCYTE DYNAMICS. "In adult mice, the number of B lymphocytes remains constant under homeostatic control, in spite of the fact that B cells are produced continuously in numbers that largely exceed the number required to replenish the peripheral pools. It follows that each newly formed lymphocyte can only persist if another lymphocyte dies." https://lnkd.in/d-HttRV View in LinkedIn

MUTANT MITOCHONDRIA. "The gene transfer rate tends to increase with decreasing intracellular competition, increasing paternal organelle transmission, and decreasing effective population size. Intense intracellular competition tends to suppress gene transfer because it is likely to exclude mutant mitochondria that lose the essential gene due to the production of lethal individuals." https://lnkd.in/d3qRpgD View in LinkedIn

FACTORS FOR GENE TRANSFER. "According to the mathematical model, it was revealed that the rate of gene transfer from mitochondria to the nucleus can be affected by three factors, the intensity of intracellular competition, the probability of paternal organelle transmission, and the effective population size." https://lnkd.in/d3qRpgD View in LinkedIn

COMPETITION BETWEEN MITOCHONDRIA. "Mutant mitochondria that lose a certain gene by deletion are considered to replicate more rapidly than normal ones, resulting in an advantage in intracellular competition. If the competition is intense, heteroplasmic individuals possessing both types of mitochondria change to homoplasmic individuals including mutant mitochondria only, with high probability." https://lnkd.in/d3qRpgD View in LinkedIn

ORGANELLE SYMBIOSIS. "Endosymbiotic theory states that mitochondria originated as bacterial intracellular symbionts, the size of the mitochondrial genome gradually reducing over a long period owing to, among other things, gene transfer from the mitochondria to the nucleus. Such gene transfer was observed in more genes in animals than in plants, implying a higher transfer rate of animals." https://lnkd.in/d3qRpgD View in LinkedIn

INTEGRATING SUITES OF TRAITS. "The developmental mechanism of preferential allocation has implication for the evolution of suites of traits. Depending on the mechanism, it may be possible not only to change the strength of the allocation but also to change the allocation partners during evolution. Thus evolution of the allocation tradeoff itself may play a role in the evolution of morphological integration of traits." http://www.pnas.org/content/95/7/3685.full View in LinkedIn