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OVER TWELVE MECHANISMS. "How are new gene structures formed? Mutation toward a new gene structure is the first step of new gene evolution, and at least a dozen distinct molecular processes are known that contribute to the formation of new genes." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

GENE MODIFICATION. "Most mechanisms to form new gene structures...result in certain structural changes in the new gene. For example, new genes created by RNA-based duplication (retroposition, retrogenes) most often lack introns, add a stretch of adenine nucleotide at their 3’ end, and contain a pair of short flanking direct repeats (these signals fade with evolutionary time)." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

GRIST FOR THE MILL. "Both before and after fixation, the protogene accumulates mutations that confer on it new structures and beneficial, sometimes novel, functions which are acted on by natural selection." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

EARLY GENE LIFE. "New gene origination is a microevolutionary process. A protogene structure is first generated by a mutation in a single germ cell genome. This protogene structure must then spread through the population until it is fixed. Various evolutionary forces, such as natural selection and genetic drift, govern the spread of the protogene through the population, thus making protogene fixation a population genetic process." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

BIRTH AND DEATH OF GENES. "These recent data reveal a widespread process of birth and death of genes in organisms, in which new genes enter the genome and old genes are lost." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

NEW GENE GENERATION IS COMMON. "Today it is clear that new gene origination is a general process in evolution and that species-specific or lineage-specific genes exist in many, if not all, organisms." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

DE NOVO GENES. “New gene structures may arise from previously non-coding DNA. Chen et al. were the first to show that antifreeze proteins, which bind and halt the growth of ice crystals in the blood of some polar fishes, were created by amplification of microsatellite DNA." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

AGING GENES. "As genes age, they accumulate mutations which obscure the structural or evolutionary signals from their early history. Genes younger than 10–30 million years have not experienced much sequence evolution and are thus a valid system in which to investigate the early evolution of genes and to understand their properties." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

FRAMESHIFT ORIGINS. "Okamura et al. demonstrated that frameshift mutations often generate new coding sequences, finding that 470 human gene duplicates that had done so. Xue et al. found that Epstein-Barr virus contains an early gene which undergoes frequent frameshifts, probably to combat host immunity." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

RECOMBINED GENES. "Gilbert proposed an entirely new model of new gene formation in 1978, whereby pieces of unrelated genes can be recombined into new genes, rather than just strictly duplicated." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn