Category: Uncategorized

WHOLE GENOME DUPLICATION. "An important gene duplication mechanism is whole genome duplication, which has occurred multiple times in eukaryote evolution, particularly in plants. Hundreds to thousands of duplicate genes are formed by a whole gene duplication event, and the vast majority of duplicates are quickly lost." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

"GENE DUPLICATION is thought to contribute most to the generation of new genes. A single or few new gene structure(s) can be formed at one time by DNA-based duplication (the copying and pasting of DNA sequence from one genomic region to another) or retroposition. While DNA-based duplications are often tandem, retroposed genes most often move to a new genomic environment, where they must acquire new regulatory elements or risk becoming processed pseudogenes." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

OVER TWELVE MECHANISMS. "How are new gene structures formed? Mutation toward a new gene structure is the first step of new gene evolution, and at least a dozen distinct molecular processes are known that contribute to the formation of new genes." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

GENE MODIFICATION. "Most mechanisms to form new gene structures...result in certain structural changes in the new gene. For example, new genes created by RNA-based duplication (retroposition, retrogenes) most often lack introns, add a stretch of adenine nucleotide at their 3’ end, and contain a pair of short flanking direct repeats (these signals fade with evolutionary time)." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

GRIST FOR THE MILL. "Both before and after fixation, the protogene accumulates mutations that confer on it new structures and beneficial, sometimes novel, functions which are acted on by natural selection." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

CO-EVOLUTION. "Maybe we have to recognize eukaryotic evolution as the product of α-proteobacterial endosymbiosis and the momentous, unlikely one-off, it possibly was." https://lnkd.in/deZ8DED View in LinkedIn

HORIZONTAL MECHANISM. "Similar to strict de novo gene origination, horizontal gene transfer, the exchange of genes between genomes from distantly related taxa, can immediately add new genes and functions to a genome. Horizontal gene transfer is a major mechanism for the addition of new genes to prokaryotic genomes, but has also been reported in a number of eukaryotic organisms including plants, insects and fungi." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS. "Could Eukaryotic Sex be a Further Symbiogenic Effect due to the (Proto)Mitochondrion?" https://lnkd.in/deZ8DED View in LinkedIn

NON-CODING DNA CONVERSION. "A number of de novo genes originating from non-coding regions have been identified in Drosophila, humans, primates, murine rodents, Protozoa, yeast, rice as well as virus." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

PLANET EARTH OXYGEN. "Eukaryotes only arose ∼1.6–2.1 billion years ago, tellingly after the Great Oxygenation Event 2.3 billion years ago, compared with the “rapid” evolution of prokaryotes, which are more than 3.5 billion years old." https://lnkd.in/deZ8DED View in LinkedIn