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EARLY GENE LIFE. "New gene origination is a microevolutionary process. A protogene structure is first generated by a mutation in a single germ cell genome. This protogene structure must then spread through the population until it is fixed. Various evolutionary forces, such as natural selection and genetic drift, govern the spread of the protogene through the population, thus making protogene fixation a population genetic process." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

BIRTH AND DEATH OF GENES. "These recent data reveal a widespread process of birth and death of genes in organisms, in which new genes enter the genome and old genes are lost." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

NEW GENE GENERATION IS COMMON. "Today it is clear that new gene origination is a general process in evolution and that species-specific or lineage-specific genes exist in many, if not all, organisms." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

DE NOVO GENES. “New gene structures may arise from previously non-coding DNA. Chen et al. were the first to show that antifreeze proteins, which bind and halt the growth of ice crystals in the blood of some polar fishes, were created by amplification of microsatellite DNA." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

AGING GENES. "As genes age, they accumulate mutations which obscure the structural or evolutionary signals from their early history. Genes younger than 10–30 million years have not experienced much sequence evolution and are thus a valid system in which to investigate the early evolution of genes and to understand their properties." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

OXIDATIVE DAMAGE THEORY. "Did Meiotic Sex Evolve in Response to Reactive Oxygen Species? Lately, more and more research has uncovered links between stress conditions, such as Reactive Oxygen Species formation, and meiotic sex. One essential question of course remains: where did the Reactive Oxygen Species that possibly gave rise to the invention of meiotic sex in eukaryotes come from?" https://lnkd.in/deZ8DED View in LinkedIn

LESSONS LARNED. "The bdelloid rotifers have more to tell us. Genomic analysis shows gene conversion, limiting the accumulation of mutations in absence of meiosis. Genes defending against transposons are increased, correlating with the fact that transposable elements make up only 3% of the genome. Horizontal gene transfer is very abundant, with 8% of the genes most likely acquired in this fashion. In this respect, bdelloids seem to have “returned” to the prokaryotic form of sex." https://lnkd.in/deZ8DED View in LinkedIn

TWO WORLDS. "Thus, despite the presence of organisms with long periods of clonality and occasional instances of aneuploidy and parasexuality, which deviate from regular standard meiotic sex, its option is still overwhelmingly present in practically all eukaryotes." https://lnkd.in/deZ8DED View in LinkedIn

CLONAL UNDER STEADY STATE. "Under more constant optimal conditions, relatively simple organisms with short generation times are selected for high numbers of progeny, which can most efficiently be achieved by asexual reproduction. Thus, clonal reproduction may last for an extended period. However, when adverse conditions or internal constraints are encountered, sex is induced." https://lnkd.in/deZ8DED View in LinkedIn

SEX IN EMERGENCIES. "It has also been pointed out that for a single cell the costs of meiosis are high due to the time and effort it has to invest and that, in protists, sexual reproduction is often associated with their survival of harsh periods." https://lnkd.in/deZ8DED View in LinkedIn