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JUMPING GENES. “Transposable elements can contribute to functional divergence between duplicate genes in several ways. Transposable elements can mediate gene recombination by carrying coding sequences from one part of the genome to another, and can even themselves be incorporated into existing coding sequences. In addition, Transposable elements were recently found to be a source of micro-RNAs, major components of post-transcriptional regulation of expression." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

REGULATORY SYSTEM NEED. "New genes must acquire a specific transcription regulatory system to ensure certain temporal and spatial expression patterns.” https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

SUPPRESSION AND REWIRING. "Li et al., showed that a de novo gene in yeast can suppress a previously existing mating type-control pathway thus rewiring the structure of gene networks in the species." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

REGULATED BY OFFSPRING. “McCarrey and Riggs predicted that pseudogenes may regulate their parental genes, similar to long non-coding RNAs or miRNAs." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

INTEGRATION. "Capra et al., revealed that new genes in yeast become more integrated into cellular networks over time." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

"PSEUDOGENES are conventionally thought as dead genes which play no functional roles, but may evolve functions in regulating expression of related genes. Zheng et al. recently found that many mammalian pseudogenes are transcribed and thus may still function." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

GENE NETWORKS. "Integration appears to be driven by natural selection. Several new genes have become new hubs. Gene expression networks can be rapidly and globally reshaped in evolution by new genes." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

NON-CODING SEGMENTS. "Not all new genes code for proteins. Noncoding RNAs were found to play an important role in neuronal functions in the early 1990s. A large number of functional RNAs from noncoding regions have been reported to play vital roles in a wide variety of organisms. MicroRNAs appear to turn over rapidly, but can be strongly influenced by positive selection." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

ASSIMILATION OF NEW GENES. "New genes can also be quickly integrated into existing gene networks. Chen et al., observed that almost all young essential genes have been assimilated into protein-protein physical interaction networks in Drosophila and a significant number of these young genes have developed multiple interactions with old genes." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE continues from last weekend to this weekend’s conclusion of the fragment on gene life cycles. In biological time, genes are dynamic entities, being born and dying, being borrowed and shared. In one viewpoint, genes are the currency of life, the most important asset that is built up over time. The accumulation of more complex biological information on planet earth has been a steady process. See how this came about. View in LinkedIn