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COMPLEXITY DIMINISHES REGENERATION. "A cursory look at regenerative ability across phylogenetic groups leads to the conclusion that regenerative potential declines with the evolution of complexity. Thus, simple organisms like Hydra and planaria have tremendous regenerative capabilities, whereas vertebrates tend to regenerate poorly." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.b.20082/full View in LinkedIn

ORIGIN OF REGENERATION. "The first question that arises is whether regenerative ability that is unique to a specific group of animals evolved along a particular phylogenetic path or whether regenerative ability was lost in many groups, including humans, and retained in others. In other words, is regenerative ability the result of a gain of function in some groups or the loss of function in other groups."" " https://lnkd.in/d_NDPcr View in LinkedIn

OTHER CASES. "Limb regeneration can also be observed in insects." https://muse.jhu.edu/article/53800/summary View in LinkedIn

HIGH REGENERATION. "Sea urchins are highly regenerative animals with indeterminate growth and life-long reproduction, and thus offer the opportunity to investigate mechanisms for long-term maintenance of tissue homeostasis and regenerative capacity. In addition, different species of sea urchins have very different reported life expectancies" of up to 100 years.” https://lnkd.in/dQZUv9k View in LinkedIn

BIRDS AND MAMMALS. "Birds cannot regenerate limbs at any stage of development and, surprisingly, mammals have slightly better limb regenerative capacity than that of birds." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00973.x/full View in LinkedIn

NO REGENERATION. "While urodele amphibians (newts and salamanders) can regenerate limbs as adults, other tetrapods (reptiles, birds and mammals) cannot and just undergo wound healing." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00973.x/full View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this case study of how the photosynthetic apparatus of plants had to adapt imperfectly to the emergence of an oxygenated atmosphere. Molecular vestiges suited for different purposes are littered through cellular systems. It is not just wisdom teeth, feet and the human tailbone: every aspect of life shows evidence of the wrench of sometimes clumsy adaptation to meet new challenges. View in LinkedIn

RETOOLING COMPROMISES. "Some of the key features of the bioenergetic redox enzymes can thus be understood from an evolutionary viewpoint, where enzymes that were already optimised for productive energy conversion in an anaerobic or low O2 environment had to compromise efficiency in order to survive the arrival of O2." https://lnkd.in/dxpcWx8 View in LinkedIn

"SHORT CIRCUITS in the broken Q-cycle. Despite its sluggishness, the very existence of this short-circuit is important because it represents an “emergency exit” pathway which bypasses the Q-cycle. This reaction thus allows the quinol-plastocyanin oxidoreductase activity to occur and thus the entire photosynthetic chain to function, even with a non-functional Q cycle." https://lnkd.in/dxpcWx8 View in LinkedIn

DOWNGRADE. "Fusion of immortal cell lines with normal human fibroblasts or certain other immortal cell lines yields hybrids having limited division potential. Cellular immortality was found to be a recessive phenotype in hybrids. It was also found that at least two separate events in the normal cell genome can result in immortality. In fusions involving certain immortal parent cells, these events can be complemented to result in hybrids with finite division capacity." https://lnkd.in/dvCa5Um View in LinkedIn