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APPLICATIONS. “This discovery has profound theoretical and practical implications that include the immortalization of highly differentiated normal human cell types for the production of medically useful proteins.” https://lnkd.in/esfPTAR View in LinkedIn

ENGINEERING IMMORTALITY. “In 1998 it was reported that normal, mortal, human cell strains could be immortalized with apparent retention of their normal properties by transfecting them with vectors encoding the human telomerase catalytic subunit. Thus, the replicometer can be purposefully circumvented. This has provided direct evidence proving the role of telomere shortening in cell senescence and telomerase expression in cell immortality.” https://lnkd.in/esfPTAR View in LinkedIn

INTACT TELOMERES. “Unlike normal mortal cultured cell strains, most immortal cell lines produce telomerase. Thus, the telomeres of most cell lines do not shorten with serial passage in vitro.” https://lnkd.in/esfPTAR View in LinkedIn

CANCER SAMPLES. “Telomerase was later found to occur in extracts of immortal human cell lines and in about 90% of all human tumours studied.” https://lnkd.in/esfPTAR View in LinkedIn

TELOMERE SYNTHESIS. “How do immortal cell lines avoid telomere shortening that, if it occurs, would lead to their demise? They found that telomeres are synthesized de novo by telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that extends the 3′ end of telomeres and thus elongates them. It was simultaneously reported that cancer cells have shorter telomeres than do adjacent normal cells.” https://lnkd.in/esfPTAR View in LinkedIn

BILATERAL COLLABORATION. "New data reveal a two-way relationship between early reproductive cells and their helpers involving complex epigenetic and signaling networks determining cell number and fate. Later, the egg cell plays a central role in specifying accessory cells, whereas in both gametophytes, companion cells contribute non-cell-autonomously to the epigenetic landscape of the gamete genomes." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1534580713000427 View in LinkedIn

LAND PLANT CHARACTERISTICS. #3. "Third, they retain the fertilized egg (i.e. the zygote) within the archegonium, wherein the sporophyte embryo is nurtured and protected. The retention of the diploid embryo within the archegonium is the reason why the land plants are called ‘embryophytes’ and why the older literature referred to them as the Archegoniatae." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03054.x/full View in LinkedIn

SOMA AND GERM COLLABORATION. "Importantly, development of male and female gametes does not occur in isolation. The formation of meiocytes, gametophytes, and gametes requires the active presence of neighboring helper cells. Recent data on the interaction between reproductive cell lines and these largely somatic helper populations highlight not only the complexity of this relationship and the significance of the events it regulates but also its two-way nature." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1534580713000427 View in LinkedIn

LAND PLANT CHARACTERISTICS. #2. "Second, they develop multicellular, parenchymatous structures that produce eggs and sperm (called archegonia and antheridia, respectively)." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03054.x/full View in LinkedIn

"THE CUES that mediate the transition of the different stages of the life cycle are likely to involve epigenetic mechanisms." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/367/1588/508.short View in LinkedIn