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LATER FUSION EVOLUTION. "Fusion of parts does not become a major element in angiosperm evolution until the establishment of whorled floral phyllotaxy and the establishment of a fixed meristem, or the arrangement of the flower into defined whorls comprising regular multiples of organs." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

GYNOECIUM FUSIONS. "The fusion of individual carpels into a gynoecium occurred several times independently among angiosperms and proceeded through separate developmental mechanisms; either via fusion at the centre of the gynoecium resulting in axile placentation or fusion into a unilocular ovary with parietal placentation. Both types may have evolved independently from unfused carpels." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

LACK OF FUSION. "Considering the ancestral angiosperm, it is likely that lack of fusion among and between most organs is the ancestral condition for the angiosperm flower, with the potential exception of basal fusion of the outermost perianth. For example, fusion of the carpel margins to form an enclosed carpel arose multiple times and is not considered homologous owing to the diversity of carpel types degrees of completeness of fusion." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

MONOCOT EVOLUTION. "The compitum is considered a key innovation that evolved independently in monocots and in eudicots with various degrees of fusion involved in the formation of the structure. Both syncarpy and the additional fusion of the stigmatic area to form a functional compitum are cases in which fusion provides an adaptive advantage." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

POLLEN TUBE FUSION. "Congenitally united carpels benefit from the development of the compitum, a single pollen tube transmitting tract resulting from the fusion in the stigmatic region. This enables flowers with multiple ovaries to maintain centralized pollen tube selection, which has an adaptive advantage for targeted fertilization." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

KEY FUSION INNOVATION. "Syncarpy is considered to be a key innovation, estimated to have evolved independently at least 17 times and correlated with increased rates of fertilization and enhanced offspring fitness." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

ANGIOSPERM FUSIONS. "During the evolution of the angiosperm flower, the ovule-bearing carpels become enrolled and sealed with the ovules inside, with carpel fusion being a derived state for the angiosperm flower. Once the carpel is formed, syncarpy, or the congenital fusion of multiple carpels to form a multicarpellate ovary, dominates angiosperm evolution, with an estimated 80% of all angiosperms bearing syncarpous ovaries." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

"ANTHER FUSION has been demonstrated to enhance pollen removal in the flower of Campsis grandiflora, one of many flowers with didynamous (two pairs of unequal length) stamens." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

FITNESS FUNCTION. "Interestingly, fusion of filaments alone is typically found in the early diverging angiosperms in flowers with many petals, while fusion events involving both anthers (connective) and filament are typically correlated with petal fusion, indicating that stamen fusion may have adaptive significance in flowers with tubular petals, increasing fitness through improved mechanisms of pollen reception or dispersal." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

"STAMEN FUSION, including fusion of filaments, fusion of anthers and fusion to the style, can be found in over 70 families of flowering plants occurring independently with differing mechanisms of fusion." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn