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DNA REPAIR. "We now know that fewer than one in 1000 accidental base changes in DNA results in a permanent mutation; the rest are eliminated with remarkable efficiency by DNA repair." https://lnkd.in/dHtn_RS View in LinkedIn

RARE MUTATION ACCUMULATION. "Of the thousands of random changes created every day in the DNA of a human cell by heat, metabolic accidents, radiation of various sorts, and exposure to substances in the environment, only a few accumulate as mutations in the DNA sequence." https://lnkd.in/dHtn_RS View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this peek into floral fusions and where they came from. Evolution is not something that ends, and the process continues. Where are flowers headed next in this continuum of change and adaptation? View in LinkedIn

EVODEVO PERSPECTIVE. "As gene regulatory networks and their interactions provide evolvability to the process of organismal development, understanding how networked genes and/or their interactions are selected upon to yield novel outputs is the future for evodevo, especially for researchers interested in understanding how particular adaptive traits might have evolved." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

"ADAPTATION can be defined as the heritable change in the traits of a system in order to maintain or improve fitness within novel environments. Evolvability is the propensity for a system to discover adaptations (= heritable beneficial phenotypes). Thus the ability to discover distinct heritable phenotypes and the ability to transform novel traits into useful innovations during development within a particular environment are essential elements of adaptation." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

GENETIC BRICOLAGE. "An investigation of the many forms of fusion across flowers may demonstrate the importance of a genetic ‘bricolage’ involving both reuse (cooption) and reassembly of ancestral genetic networks." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

CHIMERIC ORGANS. "In addition to resulting in organ fusion, boundary mutations can also cause primordia to incorporate cells from whorls that are normally distinct, creating chimeric organs. Such chimeras could provide the basis for novel organ formation, such as coronas in Narcissus or Asclepias." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

FINE TUNING. "By having a redundant gene regulatory network that is regulated by upstream elements that can be expressed in spatially and temporally restricted manners, the boundary gene regulatory network can be evoked (or not) to differentially regulate the separation or fusion of individual organ primordia throughout the life of the plant. The presence of miRNA-based regulators in this robust pathway further contributes to the ability to fine-tune organ morphogenesis." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

BROAD FUNCTIONALITY. "In addition to being evolutionarily conserved, the organ boundary gene regulatory network is likely to be conserved within a given species, such that the same gene regulatory network is used for the process of boundary formation between the shoot apical meristems and lateral organs and among lateral organ primordia whether in the vegetative or reproductive state." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn

CONSERVED GENE NETWORK. "In summary, while connation or adnation may be mediated by different gene expression patterns and gene products, both spatially and temporally, an underlying common gene regulatory network may function as a conserved boundary-specification mechanism." https://lnkd.in/dD4GcAS View in LinkedIn