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CASPASES "Apoptotic pathways are fairly similar in nematodes, and vertebrates. Caspases are required for apoptosis in all animals studied and so are their activators (Apaf‐1‐like molecules). In mammals, the mitochondrial pathway is of great relevance, because it is activated in response to multiple stimuli. Mitochondria (and cytochrome c) are required for apoptosome‐mediated caspase activation in response to a diversity of stimuli, including developmental cues, growth factor withdrawal, heat shock, nutrient deprivation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and DNA damage." https://celldeath.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/lopezself_munoz.pdf View in LinkedIn

ACTIVATION OF DEATH PATHWAY. "Caspases are normally present in the cytosol. Since killer proteases are obviously dangerous, they are kept in check by a number of safety mechanisms. The most important is that they are inactive until a ‘deadly’ stimulus activates them by promoting their oligomerization and subsequent cleavage." https://celldeath.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/lopezself_munoz.pdf View in LinkedIn

CONSERVED PATHWAYS. "Apoptosis requires a number of genes that are well conserved across animal evolution. In the past few years, multiple genetic and cell biology experiments have shown that apoptosis is executed through similar biochemical pathways in vertebrates, Drosophila and C. elegans. These biochemical pathways lead to activation of proteins termed ‘caspases’." https://celldeath.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/lopezself_munoz.pdf View in LinkedIn

BRIEF LIFE. "In the adult animal, unwanted cells are eliminated through PCD when they are no longer needed. For instance, during an immune response there is a rapid production of lymphocytes which respond to a specific pathogen. These lymphocytes have to be eliminated after the pathogen has been cleared. For these reason, these cells are ‘programmed’ to eliminate themselves after a few days of life." (PCD = programmed cell death). https://celldeath.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/lopezself_munoz.pdf View in LinkedIn

AUTODESTRUCTION. "In response to stress due to starvation or damage, animal cells engage a biochemical pathway to destruct themselves. Moreover, upon detection of a virally infected cell, cytotoxic cells kill other cells from the same organism by inducing their suicide. Cell death is not only employed to remove damaged or infected cells, but it is also important for sculpting tissues." https://celldeath.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/lopezself_munoz.pdf View in LinkedIn

LACK OF EVOLUTION. "Interestingly, since the 1950s, no fundamentally new evolutionary theories of aging have been proposed." http://longevity-science.org/Evolution.htm View in LinkedIn

STAR ASSEMBLY. "The assembly of a wedge had been shown to follow a strictly ordered sequence. First, an initial complex is formed by a monomer of gp7 and a trimer of gp10, followed sequentially by binding of a dimer of gp8 and a dimer of gp6 to the complex. In the absence of a central hub, at least five proteins (gp7, gp10, gp8, gp6, and gp53) are required for assembly of wedges in vitro into a star-shaped, low-energy baseplate-like structure." http://www.pnas.org/content/113/10/2654.full View in LinkedIn

DUAL-ACTING GENES. "Antagonistic pleiotropy theory: Late-acting deleterious genes may even be favored by selection and be actively accumulated in populations if they have any beneficial effects early in life." http://longevity-science.org/Evolution.htm View in LinkedIn

PHAGE BASEPLATE COMPOSITION. "The hexagonal dome-shaped T4 baseplate assembles from six wedges surrounding a central hub. A total of 134 protein subunits from 15 different proteins form the ∼6.5-MDa baseplate." http://www.pnas.org/content/113/10/2654.full View in LinkedIn

DIMINISHED SELECTION WITH AGE. "Mutation accumulation theory: From the evolutionary perspective, aging is an inevitable result of the declining force of natural selection with age." http://longevity-science.org/Evolution.htm View in LinkedIn