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LINEAR EXTENSION. "The ability to self-destruct may have simply evolved as a consequence of a capacity to kill others." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

UNICELLULAR AVOIDANCE. "Genetic programs allowing regulated cell suicide would have been obligatorily counterselected in single-celled organisms." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

TOXIN KILLER GENES. "These genetic modules bear surprising resemblance to the basic core of the genetic modules that allow, in cells from multicellular organisms, the regulation of programmed cell death." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

DEATH HALLMARK. "The evolution of cell death programs as prerequisites of multicellularity. One of the hallmarks of multicellularity is that the individual cellular fate is sacrificed for the benefit of a higher order of life—the organism." http://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcbc245/MCBC245PDFs/Jan31/Huettenbrenner2003.pdf View in LinkedIn

JUDGE, JURY, AND HANGMAN. "The selection for killer genes encoding toxins used in offensive evolutionary arms race against other bacterial species, and the concomitant selection for genes encoding antidotes allowing self-protection is a process that provides the bacteria with both executioners and repressors that can prevent the effect of these executioners." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

TOXIN-ANTIDOTE STORY. "The reason why bacteria can release a toxin that kill other bacteria without getting killed themselves is that they synthesize an antidote that is not secreted and protects them against the lethal effect of the toxin." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

CO-EVOLUTION ORIGIN? "Alternatively, the death components in parasitic unicellular eukaryotes might have developed during the host-defense evolution. Notably, even in prokaryotes “apoptotic” features have been described and even examples for shared homologies exist: the TIR is homologous in animals, plants, and bacteria. Toll receptors play a role in the immune defense against parasites and can elicit apoptosis." http://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcbc245/MCBC245PDFs/Jan31/Huettenbrenner2003.pdf View in LinkedIn

ENIGMA. "The death effectors that operate in protozoans are still enigmatic and furthermore there exist also protozoans that cannot undergo an apoptosis-like phenotype. It has to await clarification whether the death machinery was lost by reductive evolution, or whether those species without apparent self destruction mechanisms represent an early phylogenic life form." http://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcbc245/MCBC245PDFs/Jan31/Huettenbrenner2003.pdf View in LinkedIn

LONG AND BROAD. "Currently, there are several possible explanations for the existence of programmed cell death in at least nine single-celled eukaryote organisms belonging to four different lineages that diverged during a still elusive time-frame ranging between two and one billion years ago." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

FUZZY GREY LINE. "It is important to realize that the frontiers between multicellular organisms and single-celled organisms may not be as stringent as usually believed." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn