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INNOVATION AND MALFUNCTION. “Numerous studies in mammalian genomes showing how ERV-derived sequences have been a recurrent source of new coding or regulatory sequences promoting a multitude of cellular functions as well as dysfunctions.” (ERV= Endogenous retroviruses). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X17301685 View in LinkedIn

NON-VERTICAL TRANSFER. “Because HT is often responsible for the initial colonization of genomes by TEs, HT must be regarded as an important process in eukaryotic evolution.” (TE = transposable elements, jumping genes); (HT = horizontal transfer). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X17301685 View in LinkedIn

FACE OF JANUS. “TEs have shaped eukaryotic genomes deeply and in myriads ways. Their movement and repetitive nature represent a potent source of genomic variation and genetic disorders.” (TE = transposable elements, jumping genes). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X17301685 View in LinkedIn

FACILITATED TRANSFER. “An increasing number of HTT events have been inferred to have occurred between parasites and their hosts, such as between blood-feeding insects and vertebrates, lampreys and teleost fishes, or nematodes and birds.” (HTT = horizontal transfer of jumping genes, TEs). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X17301685 View in LinkedIn

INVASIVE GENETIC ELEMENTS. “Viruses represent a substantial source of genetic material assimilated by eukaryotic genomes, and the boundary between endogenous viruses and transposable elements is becoming increasingly blurry in favor of the notion of a dynamic continuum of invasive genetic elements.” https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X17301685 View in LinkedIn

ENORMOUS SPREAD. “The phylogeny of ERV lineages in vertebrates indicates that they have undergone more than 1000 HT events at the host family level, thus the number of HTs is likely to be extremely high at the species-level across vertebrate diversity.” (ERV= Endogenous retroviruses); (HT = horizontal gene transfer). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X17301685 View in LinkedIn

INVASIVE JUMPING GENES. “In mammalian genomes...multiple waves of ERV invasions together amount to 5–10% of nuclear genome content. A recent study identified no less than 3100 clusters of related ERV sequences in 65 vertebrate genomes, implying that thousands of independent endogenisation events occurred during vertebrate evolution.” (ERV= Endogenous retroviruses). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X17301685 View in LinkedIn

PROLIFIC SPREAD. “Much like TEs, ERVs can continue to generate copies of themselves long after their horizontal introduction, either through germline reinfections or retrotransposition events. As a result, ERVs can rapidly spread in the host population and occasionally attain high copy numbers.” (TE = transposable elements, jumping genes); (ERV= Endogenous retroviruses). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X17301685 View in LinkedIn

FAMILY OF JUMPING GENES. “Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are endogenous viral elements in the genome that closely resemble and can be derived from retroviruses. ... ERVs are a subclass of a type of gene called a transposon, which can be packaged and moved within the genome to serve a vital role in gene expression and in regulation.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous_retrovirus View in LinkedIn

JUMPING GENE UBIQUITY. “Genome sequence mining over the past decade has revealed that such endogenous viral elements are more widespread and diverse than ever imagined, spanning every major type of virus and a wide range of host organisms and unearthing a precious fossil record of past viral infections.” https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X17301685 View in LinkedIn