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DYNAMIC CONSEQUENCE. "Thus, formation of mutant spectra with an abundance of single point mutants (and gradually decreasing proportions of double, triple and multiple mutants) is a necessary consequence of the mutation rate-genome size relationship." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

PROGRESSIVE PROCESS. “Evolution is cumulative, for it has “the power to build new progress on the shoulders of earlier generations of progress”. https://lnkd.in/euEN3Eh View in LinkedIn

PERFECT STORM. "Since the size of RNA viral genomes lies between 3 kb and 33 kb, close to the inverse of the mutation rate, it is thought that it is unlikely to produce progeny RNAs identical to the parental genome even within the confined limits of a single replicative unit (each one of the replication complexes) within a single infected cell." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

MASSIVE MUTATION RATE. "Mutation rates have been estimated by independent genetic and biochemical approaches to be in the range of 10(−3) – 10(−5) mutations introduced per nucleotide copied, almost a million-fold higher than standard mutation rates operating on cellular DNA. This difference led Holland et al. to emphasize in a seminal paper a number of disease implications of a rapidly evolving RNA world immersed in a far more static cellular DNA world." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

KEY DRIVERS OF SWARMS. "Two key parameters that explain the biological relevance of the rapid formation of mutant swarms during viral replication are the rate at which mutations are introduced during RNA genome copying, and the genome size." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

REPLICATION ERRORS. "The match between events at the cellular and epidemiological level lies in the error-prone replicative machinery that manifests in every environment in which viruses multiply." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

MUTANT PANDEMICS. "Mutant swarms are established within single infected cells and cell clusters and in infected organisms during disease episodes, outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

MILLIONS OF PROGENY. "RNA viruses have tremendous reproductive capacity, generating thousands of progeny per genome. Despite frequent bottleneck events, a total population of millions of viruses in an infected host is not uncommon." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

PROGRAMMABLE BIOLOGY. "Thirty years ago, the future lay in programming computers. Today, it’s programming cells: (comparing) the digital revolution spawned by thinking of information as a string of ones and zeros to the coming synthetic biology revolution, premised on thinking about life as a mix of interchangeable parts – genes and gene networks – that can be learned and manipulated like any language." https://lnkd.in/dTQVWrg View in LinkedIn

DIGITAL DNA. " The language of DNA is digital, but not binary. Where binary encoding has 0 and 1 to work with (2 - hence the 'bi'nary), DNA has 4 positions, T, C, G and A. Whereas a digital byte is mostly 8 binary digits, a DNA 'byte' (called a 'codon') has three digits. Because each digit can have 4 values instead of 2, an DNA codon has 64 possible values, compared to a binary byte which has 256." https://lnkd.in/dghBZfW View in LinkedIn