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GENES FROM LIVE VACCINES. "Importantly, the pathogenic consequences of recombination need to be carefully considered whenever multivalent live-attenuated vaccines are used. For example, recombination of poliovirus vaccine strains leads to the frequent recovery of recombinant pathogenic poliovirus; similarly, this is also observed for infectious bronchitis virus." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

MEMORY FITNESS ADVANTAGE. "This allows a viral population to respond more effectively to selective constraints that had already been experienced by the same virus lineage." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

HOST ECOSYSTEM. "It is thus possible to extend the concept of quasispecies to include viral strains that co-circulate and that, by coinfecting cells in the infected individuals, can recombine increasing the sequence space that the virus can explore in search for evolutionary innovation." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

MOLECULAR MEMORY. "There are additional observations that support the view that mutant spectra are true actors of evolutionary outcomes. Viral quasispecies can be endowed with a molecular memory consisting of minority genomes present at higher than basal frequency levels because the genomes had been dominant in a prior phase of evolution of the same lineage." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

GENES ACQUIRED FROM HOST. "In some viruses this new variation is achieved by borrowing genetic material from their hosts. For example, influenza A virus has been observed to recombine with cellular RNA, resulting in increased pathogenicity for the hybrid viruses." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

EXTREME CASES. "Some extreme cases of complementation between variants generated during quasispecies evolution that can greatly alter viral population structure or function have been described." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

PATHOGENICITY. "Understanding RNA recombination is also important due to its potential to produce new hybrid strains, which may have novel properties and enhanced pathogenicity. Many recombinant RNA virus strains provide ample indication that recombination does exist in nature to generate new variation that enhances virus fitness." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

SWARM REPLICATIVE ADVANTAGE. "Regarding complementation within mutant spectra, an initial observation was that fitness of biological viral clones was on average lower than fitness of the complete populations from which the clones were derived, indicating that the mutant ensemble had some replicative advantage over its individual components." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

MUTATION TOLERANCE ENHANCED. "While the impact of viral recombination in evolution remain somewhat obscure, it is clear that these processes can also repair mutated genomes by purging mutations even in cells infected at low multiplicity. Thus, these “repairs” maintain viral fitness, and they may serve to increase the mutational tolerance of viral populations." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

INCREASED DIVERSITY. "Many RNA viruses undergo recombination or reassortment during replication. In cells infected at high multiplicity, for example, this exchange of genetic information can increase genetic diversity by combining previously unique mutations into the same genome." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn