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AVIDA. "The organisms exist as sequences of self-replicating computer code. The digital bugs evolve at lightning speed, and they leave tracks for scientists to study." https://lnkd.in/d4b3fY4 View in LinkedIn

DIGITAL EVOLUTION. "Avida is basically an artificial petri dish in which organisms not only reproduce, but also perform mathematical calculations to obtain rewards. The reward is more computing time that they can use for making copies of themselves. Avida randomly adds mutations to the copies, thus spurring natural selection and evolution." https://lnkd.in/d4b3fY4 View in LinkedIn

ARTIFICIAL EVOLUTION. "An evolution of virtual creatures is begun by first creating an initial population of genotypes. A survival-ratio determines the percentage of the population that will survive each generation. The individuals whose fitnesses fall within the survival percentile are then reproduced, and their offspring fill the slots of those individuals that did not survive. The survivors are kept in the population for the next generation, and the total size of the population is maintained." https://lnkd.in/dh-4NJm View in LinkedIn

CRITERIA FOR ARTIFICIAL LIFE (Farmer). "1. Life is a pattern in space-time; 2. Self reproduction; 3. Information storage of self-representation; 4. A metabolism; 5. Functional interactions with the environment; 6. Interdependence of parts; 7. Stability under perturbations; 8. The ability to evolve; 9. Growth or expansion." https://lnkd.in/dXsqH3b View in LinkedIn

ARTIFICIAL GENOTYPES AND PHENOTYPES. "Genetic algorithms typically use populations of genotypes consisting of strings of binary digits or parameters. These are read to produce phenotypes which are then evaluated according to some fitness criteria and selectively reproduced. New genotypes are generated by copying, mutating, and/or combining the genotypes of the most fit individuals, and as the cycle repeats the population should ascend to higher and higher levels of fitness.” https://lnkd.in/dh-4NJm View in LinkedIn

"THE EVOLVED VIRTUAL CREATURES project was developed in 1994 at Thinking Machines Corporation. I was an Artist in Residence there, and was given the task of showing the computational ability of their Connection Machine (one of the first parallel processing supercomputers) in a visually demonstrable way." https://lnkd.in/dqVFHaZ View in LinkedIn

E COLI ALTRUISM. "Here, we demonstrate evidence of such a low-cost altruistic act in Escherichia coli bacteria, which express an abortive infection system (Abi) that responds to lethal phage attacks by causing infected cells to die together with the infecting phage. From an evolutionary perspective, the expression of an Abi system could reflect an altruistic act that allows infected bacteria to commit suicide in order to prevent parasite transmission to nearby relatives." https://lnkd.in/d53-z28 View in LinkedIn

CHAOS BEATS SMARTS. "Evolution copes better than intelligent, top-down design with the evolving constraints of a market landscape that is constantly shifting." https://lnkd.in/dbVEZAf View in LinkedIn

E COLI SUICIDE. "We investigated Escherichia coli responding to the attack of an obligately lytic phage by committing suicide in order to prevent parasite transmission to nearby relatives. We found that bacterial suicide provides large benefits to survivors at marginal costs to committers. The cost of suicide was low, because infected cells are moribund, rapidly dying upon phage infection, such that no more opportunity for reproduction remains." https://lnkd.in/d53-z28 View in LinkedIn

ALL OVER THE PLACE. "The bazaar is like evolution: messy, inefficient, and slow. Lots of bad ideas are tried; a lot of them stick around for as long as they provide more value than they subtract; and progress takes a long time. Just as the human body has components that are useless today (e.g., the coccyx), evolving software ecosystems always carry a lot useless baggage. That's how evolution works." https://lnkd.in/dbVEZAf View in LinkedIn