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ACTIVE REPLICANTS. "Viruses certainly do exhibit a form of growth, in the sense that there are more of them in a given environment over time. Some transient viruses will infect every file on a system after only a few activations. The spread of viruses through commercial software and public bulletin boards is another indication of their wide-spread replication." https://lnkd.in/eCG7b3z View in LinkedIn

"REDUNDANCY BASED MUTATION protection shows a great resemblance with the redundancy based mutation protection of digital codes and seems of major importance for the mutational robustness of nucleotide codes." http://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOEVOLJ/TOEVOLJ-5-1.pdf View in LinkedIn

VARIANT PROGENY. "Interestingly, there is also one case where two different strains of a Macintosh virus are known to interact to form infections unlike the “parents,” although these interactions usually produce “sterile” offspring that are unable to reproduce further. This likewise does not appear to be evolution as we know it." https://lnkd.in/eCG7b3z View in LinkedIn

NUCLEOTIDE CODES. "Every human cell loses daily about 5000 adenine or guanine bases by depurination and about 100 cytosine bases by deamination. Fortunately, the nucleotide code is continuously checked for mutations using the redundancy of information present in pairs of nucleotide strings, pairs of chromatides, and pairs of chromosomes, and repaired by a large repertoire of DNA repair enzymes." http://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOEVOLJ/TOEVOLJ-5-1.pdf View in LinkedIn

FEIGNED EVOLUTION. "Polymorphic viruses alter their copies to avoid detection, but the pattern of alteration is ultimately a human product. These changes do not constitute evolution, however." https://lnkd.in/eCG7b3z View in LinkedIn

DIGITAL CODES. "If one of the seven information bits changes, for instance, by radiation, heat, or mechanical influences, they no longer correspond with the parity bit value; this is detected, an error message is generated, and the program stops, is aborted, or a switch is made towards a back-up." http://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOEVOLJ/TOEVOLJ-5-1.pdf View in LinkedIn

VIRAL MUTATIONS. "Higher-level mutations of viruses do exist, however. There are variants of many known viruses, with over a dozen known for some IBM PC viruses. The variations involved can be very small, on the order of two or three instructions difference, to major changes involving differences in messages, activation, and replication." https://lnkd.in/eCG7b3z View in LinkedIn

PROOFREADING. "Although both digital and nucleotide codes can be adapted to changing circumstances by random processes, they are protected against errors or mutations in an operating environment as computers and cells, respectively." http://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOEVOLJ/TOEVOLJ-5-1.pdf View in LinkedIn

GREY ZONE. "Simply because computer viruses do not exist as organic molecules may not be sufficient reason to dismiss the classification of this form of “vandalware” as a form of life." This discussion is as philosophical as the same question about biological viruses. There is no testable hypothesis, just disputed definitions." https://lnkd.in/eCG7b3z View in LinkedIn

ARTIFICIAL LIFE. "Only recently have some scientists begun to ask if computer viruses are not a form of artificial life — a self-replicating organism." https://lnkd.in/eCG7b3z View in LinkedIn