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"REDUNDANCY BASED MUTATION protection shows a great resemblance with the redundancy based mutation protection of digital codes and seems of major importance for the mutational robustness of nucleotide codes." http://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOEVOLJ/TOEVOLJ-5-1.pdf View in LinkedIn

VARIANT PROGENY. "Interestingly, there is also one case where two different strains of a Macintosh virus are known to interact to form infections unlike the “parents,” although these interactions usually produce “sterile” offspring that are unable to reproduce further. This likewise does not appear to be evolution as we know it." https://lnkd.in/eCG7b3z View in LinkedIn

NUCLEOTIDE CODES. "Every human cell loses daily about 5000 adenine or guanine bases by depurination and about 100 cytosine bases by deamination. Fortunately, the nucleotide code is continuously checked for mutations using the redundancy of information present in pairs of nucleotide strings, pairs of chromatides, and pairs of chromosomes, and repaired by a large repertoire of DNA repair enzymes." http://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOEVOLJ/TOEVOLJ-5-1.pdf View in LinkedIn

FEIGNED EVOLUTION. "Polymorphic viruses alter their copies to avoid detection, but the pattern of alteration is ultimately a human product. These changes do not constitute evolution, however." https://lnkd.in/eCG7b3z View in LinkedIn

DIGITAL CODES. "If one of the seven information bits changes, for instance, by radiation, heat, or mechanical influences, they no longer correspond with the parity bit value; this is detected, an error message is generated, and the program stops, is aborted, or a switch is made towards a back-up." http://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOEVOLJ/TOEVOLJ-5-1.pdf View in LinkedIn

CHEMICAL LANGUAGE. “These results show that by combining molecules that include different types of chemical building blocks, worms have developed a sophisticated chemical language that they use to organize their communities. The discovery provides a new window into the chemistry of life and suggests that many other animal species including vertebrates may produce similar signaling molecules to control behavior and other biological functions.” https://lnkd.in/eaB_YWn View in LinkedIn

MUTES AND COMMUNICATORS. “Schroeder and his team used a new analytical method called comparative metabolomics to analyze the chemicals made by worms. By comparing the body chemistry of normal, wild-type worms with the chemistry of worms that have a signaling defect, i.e., "worms that can't talk," the researchers detected molecules that were only present in wild-type worms, but not in "silent" worms. These molecules then turned out to form the "language of the worm." https://lnkd.in/eaB_YWn View in LinkedIn

COMBINATORIAL LANGUAGE. “The researchers found several molecules that tell nematodes to scatter and disperse. These molecules consist of only two building blocks. But adding a third building block called an indole changes the meaning completely: instead of "go away" the message becomes "everybody come here." Nematode messages get even more complex by combining two or more different molecules, just like combining different words in a sentence makes for more complex meaning.” https://lnkd.in/eaB_YWn View in LinkedIn

PHYSICAL LANGUAGE. “What we understand now is that nematodes use complex messages that consist of molecules put together in a modular fashion. They put together different chemical fragments depending on what they want to say." https://lnkd.in/eaB_YWn View in LinkedIn

PARADIGM SHIFT. “A species of small, transparent roundworms have a highly evolved language in which they combine chemical fragments to create precise molecular messages that control social behavior. In 2008, Schroeder and colleagues had discovered that nematodes use chemical signals as sexual attractants, which provided the first hint that nematodes use chemistry to communicate.” https://lnkd.in/eaB_YWn View in LinkedIn