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JUMPING CODE. "Mobile code can also download and execute in the client workstation via email. Mobile code may download via an email attachment (e.g., macro in a Word file) or via an HTML email body (e.g., JavaScript). For example, the ILOVEYOU, TRUELOVE, and AnnaK email viruses/worms all were implemented as mobile code." https://lnkd.in/dZ5JPXK View in LinkedIn

MINIMAL NUMBER OF GENES. "Over the years, a number of experiments have been undertaken to approximate the number of essential genes within various model organisms. Most often this was done through the generation of a set of mutations that were subsequently classified with respect to lethality." https://lnkd.in/dsXKSjN View in LinkedIn

JUMPING GENES. "Transposable elements (TEs), also known as "jumping genes," are DNA sequences that move from one location on the genome to another. For example, TEs make up approximately 50% of the human genome and up to 90% of the maize genome." https://lnkd.in/GEpmJN View in LinkedIn

SIMPLER FOLDING. "But the fundamental physics underlying folding may be much simpler than this complexity would lead us to expect: folding rates and mechanisms appear to be largely determined by the topology of the native (folded) state." https://lnkd.in/dip7EJJ View in LinkedIn

"MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS: the agents of open source evolution." MGEs move DNA that codes proteins between genomes. (Brilliant review). https://lnkd.in/dc9JRew View in LinkedIn

"THE POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS that make up proteins have thousands of atoms and hence millions of possible inter-atomic interactions. It might be supposed that the resulting complexity would make prediction of protein structure and protein-folding mechanisms nearly impossible." https://lnkd.in/dip7EJJ View in LinkedIn

RECOMBINANT COMPUTING. "Interoperability among a group of devices, applications, and services is typically predicated on those entities having some degree of prior knowledge of each another.” https://lnkd.in/dJu-E5i View in LinkedIn

FINITE SIZE RANGE. "Proteins exist in a finite range of sizes with a limited amino acid alphabet. We find that these restrictions set an intrinsic limit to designing protein interfaces that can bind selectively to target proteins, while remaining relatively repulsive to all other protein interfaces." https://lnkd.in/eTyvTV7 View in LinkedIn

MONKEYS, TYPEWRITERS AND SHAKESPEARE. "How many random variants of these 66 characters will compile? How many will link and execute at all, or execute without fatal errors? Assuming that our program has already been written, what is the chance of evolving it into another, more complex program that will compile, link, execute and produce meaningful output?" https://lnkd.in/dZqxxrU View in LinkedIn

C LANGUAGE COMBINATIONS. "To get a feel for this number, it is estimated that there are about 10^80 subatomic particles in the known universe, so there are as many 66-character combinations in our example as there are subatomic particles in 10 trillion universes. There are about 4 x 10^17 seconds in the history of the universe, assuming that the universe is 13 billion years old." https://lnkd.in/dZqxxrU View in LinkedIn