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COEVOLVING CLUSTERS OF GENES. "Mutations are complex, occur in clusters, occur at different rates within and between genes (= “hot spots” in the genome); and networks of genes can coevolve (e.g., interacting ion-channel genes), thus increasing and maintaining informational complexity, decreasing uncertainty, and expediting evolution (for detailed discussions on computational methods and theoretical implications." https://lnkd.in/dXty-vx View in LinkedIn

ABUNDANT LIFE FORMS. "We are surrounded by uncountable varieties of life, especially by multitudes of different types of living cells; we thus have many examples of different forms of life." https://lnkd.in/dv77eVE View in LinkedIn

QUANTUM BIOLOGY EXPLANATION. "Adaptive mutations may be generated by environment-induced collapse of the quantum wave function describing DNA in a superposition of mutational states." https://lnkd.in/dxHFHJ7 View in LinkedIn

DIRECTED MUTATION. "The central tenet, that mutations occur randomly, has recently been challenged by the finding of the phenomenon termed adaptive or directed mutation." https://lnkd.in/dxHFHJ7 View in LinkedIn

TWO LEVES OF EVOLUTION. "Protein evolution is not a random process. Scientific evidence suggests that natural selection tinkers with molecular improvements by retaining adaptive peptide sequence." Mantra: natural selection acts on random gene mutation which produces variant proteins, which each have different fitness qualities for their specific environmental niches. First level evolution is random, the second level is adaptive. https://lnkd.in/dXty-vx View in LinkedIn

VIRAL MUTATION RATES. "Viruses are typically characterized by high mutation rates, which allow them to quickly develop drug-resistant mutations." https://lnkd.in/dWZ7g4c View in LinkedIn

WEEKS NOT YEARS. "In a long-term experiment with E. coli bacteria, one particular strain evolved the ability to metabolize a new carbon source (citrate) after about 31,500 generations, a complex adaptation that required a multitude of mutations. Given the drastically shorter generation time of computer viruses, generations of this order of magnitude can be achieved within weeks at most." https://lnkd.in/dGC6A7c View in LinkedIn

RAPID BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION. "The emergence of new functional complexity on much smaller time scales than geological ones has recently been observed in very different experiments. A 36-year experiment with lizards for example has shown that such a comparatively short time frame is sufficient for major adaptive morphological changes to arise, such as novel morphological structures in the form of cecal valves." https://lnkd.in/dGC6A7c View in LinkedIn

DIGITAL TELESCOPING. "Some have argued that neither the geological timescales nor the large populations that are germane to biological evolution will be available to evolving computer malware. However, generation times for computer viruses are many orders of magnitude shorter than even bacterial generation times, and furthermore selective pressures are expected to be much stronger and mutation rates higher, speeding up evolution." https://lnkd.in/dGC6A7c View in LinkedIn

BENEFICIAL MUTATIONS, TIME AND POPULATION. "Nonetheless, given the long time scale available to biological evolution along with large population sizes, such gradual stepwise beneficial changes will lead to the emergence of complexity." https://lnkd.in/dGC6A7c View in LinkedIn