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THE BIG ONE. "How could a chemical sludge spontaneously become a rose, even with billions of years to try?" https://lnkd.in/dv77eVE View in LinkedIn

SIMPLICITY TO COMPLEXITY (AGAIN). “Our genomes encode a limited number of antibody genes, which are insufficient to generate antibodies against the wide variety of foreign pathogens encountered from the external environment. SHM enables our immune system to expand the limited diversity encoded within our genomes to the billions of antibody specificities required to defend ourselves against external pathogens." (SHM = somatic hypermutation). https://lnkd.in/dQ6QXSG View in LinkedIn

INSCRUTABLE. "So, at least for now, the cell is beyond our ability to understand it." https://lnkd.in/dv77eVE View in LinkedIn

SIX BILLION MUTATION SPOTS. "There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human genome. If you counted the number of positions -- A's, T's, G's and C's -- you would have three billion positions across those 23 chromosomes. And because each chromosome is a part of a pair, you can multiply that number by two, for a total of six billion places where a mutation can happen." https://lnkd.in/djANYvQ View in LinkedIn

VERY REMARKABLE. "How remarkable is life? The answer is: very. Those of us who deal in networks of chemical reactions know of nothing like it." (George M Whitesides). https://lnkd.in/dbsPXy3 View in LinkedIn

MALWARE AUTONOMY. "Each new malware instance retains the exact same core functionality as its ancestor and only alters the way it looks. What if, instead, malware were able to change its function or behavior autonomously? What if, in the absence of human intervention, computer viruses resembled biological viruses in their ability to adapt to new defense technologies as soon as they came into effect?" (2011). https://lnkd.in/dGC6A7c View in LinkedIn

CURRENT LIMITED FOCUS. "Malicious code development is still largely limited to code pattern changes utilizing polymorphic and metamorphic engines, as well as executable packer and wrapper technologies." https://lnkd.in/dGC6A7c View in LinkedIn

UNANTICIPATED MALWARE COMPLEXITY. "Computer experts brace for virus mutations...anti-virus experts said, has been scattered reports of new symptoms being detected among infected machines, a sign the bug may be more complex than first thought." (1999). https://lnkd.in/dWmig58 View in LinkedIn

COMPUTER VIRUS INTENTIONALITY. "Virus mutations occur when a captured virus is modified in some way. This is done by intentional assembly programming and is quite distinct from biological mutations, which occur accidentally." https://lnkd.in/dTbptb6 View in LinkedIn

VIRAL MUTATION RATES. "Viruses are typically characterized by high mutation rates, which allow them to quickly develop drug-resistant mutations." https://lnkd.in/dWZ7g4c View in LinkedIn