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SHARING GENES. "Even complete functionality might be snatched from another clean program, or another virus as well. As previously predicted, a cooperation protocol can enhance sharing of features between malicious executables as well. Code snatching is a tried and true function of almost all biological organisms." https://lnkd.in/dGC6A7c View in LinkedIn

RANDOM MUTATED CODE. "A limited number of random mutation of computer viruses have been recorded, caused by data corruption in transit, or by a failure of system memory or disks. One example is the single byte modification in the 1704 strain of the IBM Cascade virus, detected in Yugoslavia. This has been attributed to random corruption rather than to deliberate modification. Some newer viruses incorporate self-correcting codes to avoid such in-transit corruption." https://lnkd.in/dXsqH3b View in LinkedIn

HYBRID CODE. "It is conceivable that an evolutionary function in the malware could snatch clean or malicious code from other programs. It could integrate code from other programs by identifying function prolog and epilog code." https://lnkd.in/dGC6A7c View in LinkedIn

HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER. "It is easy to see why mutating binary code would make it rather impossible to discover new functionality: the fraction of neutral changes is just too low. On the contrary, integration of pieces of functional code and/or importing functions and APIs available in the computer environment have a much higher probability of being neutral, and very rarely even beneficial." https://lnkd.in/dGC6A7c View in LinkedIn

BREEDING MALWARE. "A threat might be able to snatch code from another program in its environment. We have seen examples of a virus like Pinfi jumping on top of worms to replicate in new environments as a combination threat. Security products do not always recognize the worm once it is infected with a virus, and the combination helps the survival of both threats." https://lnkd.in/dGC6A7c View in LinkedIn

SALTATIONS AND SMALL STEPS. "Step size in evolution is rapidly becoming a major subject of interest to biologists. Traditionally, small changes alone were seen as significant in evolution, and any large differences between an ancestor and its descendant could be explained entirely by the accumulation of many small steps." https://lnkd.in/dDbgqi3 View in LinkedIn

TRANSITIONAL FORMS FOUND. "Amphistium and the new genus Heteronectes, both extinct spiny-finned fishes from the Eocene epoch of Europe, are the most primitive pleuronectiforms known. This condition is intermediate between that in living pleuronectiforms and the arrangement found in other fishes. Amphistium and Heteronectes indicate that the evolution of the profound cranial asymmetry of extant flatfishes was gradual in nature." https://lnkd.in/d4qWcVu View in LinkedIn

WEAK LINK. "Although the transformation of symmetrical larvae into asymmetrical juveniles is well documented, the evolutionary origins of flatfish asymmetry are uncertain because there are no transitional forms linking flatfishes with their symmetrical relatives. The supposed inviability of such intermediates gave pleuronectiforms a prominent role in evolutionary debates, leading to attacks on natural selection and arguments for saltatory change." https://lnkd.in/d4qWcVu View in LinkedIn

HOPEFUL MONSTERS. "There are no known transitional fossils with only partially displaced eyes that would link these asymmetrical flatfishes with their symmetrically shaped relatives. This lack of transitional fossils has been the source of tremendous scientific controversy regarding whether this asymmetry evolved gradually or through a sudden evolutionary leap that produced “hopeful monsters,” as originally described by geneticist Robert Goldschmidt in the 1930s." https://lnkd.in/dvMVSjN View in LinkedIn

REMARKABLE PECULIARITY. "Even Charles Darwin, one of the co-discoverers of the theory of evolution by natural selection, was baffled by what he referred to as this “remarkable peculiarity” of flatfish morphology." https://lnkd.in/dvMVSjN View in LinkedIn