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DUPLICATE EXACTNESS. "From cell division to cell division, the error rate for DNA polymerase combined with other repair enzymes is about 1 mistake in 1 billion base pairs copied. At this rate, there are about 6 mistakes with each diploid cell replication event. With a male/female average of 29 mitotic divisions before the production of the next generation, this works out to be about 175 mutations per generation." https://lnkd.in/dSzSV3z View in LinkedIn

EXACTLY PUT. "Since most estimates of the size of the diploid human genome run around 6.3 billion base pairs, this mutation rate would give the average child around 277 mutational differences from his or her parents." https://lnkd.in/dSzSV3z View in LinkedIn

EUKARYOTIC MUTATION RATE. "The average mutation rate for eukaryotes in general was, until fairly recently, estimated to be about 2.2 x 10-9 mutations per base pair per year. With a 20 year average generation time for humans, this works out to be around 4.4 x 10-8 mutations per base pair per generation." https://lnkd.in/dSzSV3z View in LinkedIn

DNA MUTATION RATES. "Real time experiments have shown that average mitochondrial genome mutation rates are around 6 x 10-8 mut/site/mitochondrial generation - in line with various estimates of average bacterial mutation rates (Compare with nDNA rate of 4.4 x 10-8 mut/site/human generation). With an average generation time of 45 days, that's about 5 x 10-6 mut/site/year and 5 mut/site/myr." https://lnkd.in/dSzSV3z View in LinkedIn

EMERGENCE PROBLEMS. “The emergent behaviour of swarm intelligence systems can also be a ‘curse’ in some complex problem solving situations:" "1. The first of these limitations is the challenge of predicting the behaviour of swarm intelligence systems. " "2. The second limitation, and closely related to that of unpredictability, is the inability to control the behaviour of swarm intelligence systems" "3. The third major limitation of swarm intelligence systems relates to the time required to reach a solution, which may limit the usefulness of swarm intelligence systems for on-line control tasks and time-critical tasks.” https://lnkd.in/dRvnSMk View in LinkedIn

STATISTICALLY UNDETECTABLE. "Metamorphic viruses transform their code as they propagate, thus evading detection by static signature-based virus scanners and have the potential to lead to a breed of malicious programs that are virtually undetectable statistically." https://lnkd.in/eXJNZSa View in LinkedIn

WIDELY USED. Self-modifying code (SMC) "broadly refers to any program that loads, generates, or mutates code at runtime. It is widely used in many of the world’s critical software systems to support runtime code generation and optimization, dynamic loading and linking, OS boot loader, just-in-time compilation, binary translation, or dynamic code encryption and obfuscation." https://lnkd.in/dzAS74T View in LinkedIn

SELF-MODIFYING CODE EXISTS. "Q: Can we achieve self-modifying code in high level languages with viruses? Most languages do not allow existing code to be mutated. I am wondering if any viruses can help with that. A: Virus, worms, bad coding practices and even errors in coding surely can do that." https://lnkd.in/egFARnj View in LinkedIn

"SELF-MODIFYING CODE (SMC) is code that alters its own instructions while it is executing. Usually, to reduce the instruction path length and improve performance of simply to reduce otherwise repetitively similar code, thus simplifying maintenance. Thus, SMC is broadly refers to any program that purposely load, generate or mutates code at runtime." https://lnkd.in/dkj4vxW View in LinkedIn

MORPHING FUNCTIONAL CODE. "Metamorphic viruses is well-known with ability to translate, edit and rewrite its own code and it can do serious damage to the system. The main goal of these viruses is to change the appearance but still keeping their functionality." https://lnkd.in/dkj4vxW View in LinkedIn