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MULTIVARIANT DOCKING. "One challenge is to understand how populations evolve traits that require multiple interacting changes, such as specific deformations in the reactive pocket of an enzyme or the specialized modifications of an appendage." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/283/1839/20161528.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

CANDIDATES. "The molecular biology underlying host–pathogen co-evolution is, in general, only poorly understood, but there is a huge literature on molecule-for-molecule interactions between hosts and pathogens, and these are obvious candidates for co-evolution." https://lnkd.in/d3-W8NW View in LinkedIn

MOLECULAR COEVOLUTION. "Functional mimicry of host molecules (for example, Salmonella SptP mimicking host GAP enzymes or, commonly, mimicry to evade the immune response) also raises the possibility of molecule-for-molecule co-evolution, although there is not yet evidence that hosts do, or can, respond by evading the mimics." https://lnkd.in/d3-W8NW View in LinkedIn

BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE. "The evidence for co-evolution discussed so far is phenomenological; an alternative approach is to look for evidence for co-evolution at the biochemical level." https://lnkd.in/d3-W8NW View in LinkedIn

UNFAIR ADVANTAGE. "As a consequence, mutations in the evolved host genomes that confer resistance to parasites occur at high rates, which help the coevolved hosts outrun their parasites. Our experiments with an artificial system demonstrate how the naturally ubiquitous process of coevolution can promote complexity and favor evolvability." (In silico studies). https://lnkd.in/dUUFYJe View in LinkedIn

COMPUTER ERRORS can be serious. “Knight Capital Group, a market-making firm that until August 2012 had a stellar reputation in its industry, blew all of that in about 30 minutes. Between 9:30 a.m. and 10 a.m. EST on August 1, the company’s trading algorithms got a little buggy and decided to buy high and sell low on 150 different stocks. By the time the bleeding had stopped, KCG had lost $440 million on trades.” https://lnkd.in/dAbKmAG View in LinkedIn

HONEYBEE. "An excellent example of gene–environment coevolution is the honeybee, in which the origin of its eusociality probably lay in the high degree of relatedness fostered by haplodiploidy, but which persists in modern species despite the fact that relatedness in the hive is generally quite low, due to multiple queen matings, multiple queens, queen deaths and the like." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1566/878 View in LinkedIn

SIGNAL NOISE. "Many communication channels are subject to channel noise, and thus errors may be introduced during transmission from the source to a receiver. Error detection techniques allow detecting such errors, while error correction enables reconstruction of the original data in many cases." https://lnkd.in/dA7ruzn View in LinkedIn

ERROR CORRECTION. "Within the equations of supersymmetry he has found, quite unexpectedly, what are called “doubly-even self-dual linear binary error-correcting block codes.” That’s a long-winded label for codes that are commonly used to remove errors in computer transmissions, for example to correct errors in a sequence of bits representing text that has been sent across a wire." https://lnkd.in/d9hDGKw View in LinkedIn

FUNCTIONAL MUTATIONS. "Some mutations, however, can have a huge affect on coding for amino acids, which can in turn affect what proteins are produced, which can have a profound effect on cellular and organismal function." http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/molecular/geneticcode/section3.rhtml View in LinkedIn