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THE KEY ISSUE. "Predicting the behavior of complex decentralized pervasive computing systems before their deployment in a dynamic environment, as well as being able to influence and control their behavior in a decentralized way, will be of fundamental importance in the near future." https://lnkd.in/dMwveSp View in LinkedIn

GREATER THAN THE SUM OF THE PARTS. "Emergence is the fact that a structure, not explicitly represented at a lower level, appears at a higher level. In the case of dynamic self-organising systems, with decentralised control and local interactions, intimately linked with self-organisation is the notion of emergent properties." https://lnkd.in/dfAjwzM View in LinkedIn

HUMAN LIMITS. "Emergent systems are those in which even perfect knowledge and understanding may give us no predictive information." https://lnkd.in/dPMad4M View in LinkedIn

"LARGE SCALE PATTERNS in the world are usually the result of the interactions of large numbers of smaller pieces that somehow combine in surprising ways to create the large-scale pattern. Such large-scale (macro-) patterns that arise out of the interactions of numerous interacting (micro-) "agents" are called "emergent phenomena" — that is, phenomena that emerge from interactions at a lower level or scale." https://lnkd.in/dPNW2Hi View in LinkedIn

FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX. "The most efficient of the evolved equivalence functions was just 17 lines of code — two fewer than the most efficient code the researchers had come up with beforehand. Evolving even as few as 17 lines involved a lot of incremental changes." https://lnkd.in/dvEXJwm View in LinkedIn

DIGITAL MUTATIONS. "The researchers’ simulation involves bits of software that self-replicate, but not perfectly. When the digital organisms make copies of themselves they sometimes make random errors, just as DNA is subject to mutations when it replicates." https://lnkd.in/dvEXJwm View in LinkedIn

COMPUTER SIMULATION. "They also uncovered a twist on conventional evolutionary thinking — it seems that some mutations that are harmful in the short run may boost long-term potential." https://lnkd.in/dvEXJwm View in LinkedIn

ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM. "A rather small number of papers...addresses the possible selective advantages or disadvantages of reproducing sexually or asexually, of being haploid or diploid, or of having more than one morphological generation." How is easier to answer for scientists than why. https://lnkd.in/dCDJiTr View in LinkedIn

DIVERSITY AND OPTIONS. "Metazoan life cycles can be complex in different ways. A number of diverse phenotypes and reproductive events can sequentially occur along the cycle, and at certain stages a variety of developmental and reproductive options can be available to the animal, the choice among which depends on a combination of organismal and environmental conditions." https://lnkd.in/dznr758 View in LinkedIn

NOT STATIC SNAPSHOT. "J.T. Bonner (1965) noted that the ultimate description of an organism is that of the life cycle. An organism is not the static representation of the adult we associate with taxonomic characterizations and most ecological theory, but the dynamic unfolding of the genome over ontogeny, and the consequent succession of life history stages or forms." https://lnkd.in/dbkNaGR View in LinkedIn