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DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY. "We hypothesize that a diversity of phenotypes arranged in developmental sequence throughout an animal's life cycle may have evolved by genetic assimilation of alternative phenotypes originally triggered by environmental cues." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1540/631.short View in LinkedIn

OVERLOOKED NUISANCE. "In most practical programming contexts emergent properties are either of little interest or are a nuisance to be avoided. However, some computer scientists have proposed actively exploiting features of emergent computing in the attempt to model emergent features of the natural world." https://lnkd.in/dPyhGnF View in LinkedIn

SELECTION PRESSURE. "The proposed advantage of increased parasite clone intermixture may be a novel selection pressure favouring the maintenance of complex life cycles." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00895.x/full View in LinkedIn

THEORY FOR THREE HOSTS. "For such life cycles, we propose here that maintaining a second intermediate host in the life cycle can be advantageous for the individual parasite to increase the intermixture of different clones and therefore decrease the risk of matings between genetically identical individuals in the definitive host." An elaborate way to avoid the prohibited inbreeding. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00895.x/full View in LinkedIn

THREE HOSTS. "How complex life cycles of parasites are maintained is still a fascinating and unresolved topic. Complex life cycles using three host species, free-living stages, asexual and sexual reproduction are widespread in parasitic helminths." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00895.x/full View in LinkedIn

CONSERVED DEVELOPMENTAL SEQUENCES. "The more the expression of a specific phenotype falls under genetic control, the more it is likely to be expressed. In turn, its expression is likely to facilitate also the expression of other specific phenotypes in conserved developmental sequence." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1540/631.short View in LinkedIn

SYNCHRONY EXAMPLE. "We have seen such a coincidence between the phase at which some normal nematode larvae switch to a dauer fate, and the phase during which a free-living larva of other nematodes becomes parasitic." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1540/631.short View in LinkedIn

SCHEDULING SYNCHRONY. "It is of interest that both the switch between alternative developmental routes and the developmental transitions involving major morphological and ecological changes often co-occur within the developmental schedule." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1540/631.short View in LinkedIn

MARINE FOOTPRINT. "Spending weeks in the plankton or metamorphosing into a benthic juvenile within hours since fertilization is clearly a choice on which natural selection has left its footprint in many marine invertebrates." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1540/631.short View in LinkedIn

NEW PERSPECTIVE. "It is more profitable to consider developmental instars and metamorphoses in terms of their adaptive value." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1540/631.short View in LinkedIn