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YOU TUBE TUTORIALS. "The research we’re talking about here is from a paper titled, “Robot Learning Manipulation Action Plans by ‘Watching’ Unconstrained Videos from the World Wide Web.” The paper is really about visual processing: watching a human interacting with objects in a video, and then figuring out what that human is doing and how they’re doing it, with a final step of replicating those actions using the manipulation capabilities of a robot." http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/artificial-intelligence/robots-learning-to-cook-by-watching-youtube-videos View in LinkedIn

GREATER PLASTICITY IN SECONDARY FUNCTIONS. "We hypothesize that such secondary metabolite pathways may have higher levels of gene duplication and greater gene expression diversity than primary metabolite enzymes." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

SECONDARY FUNCTION GENES. "In contrast to primary metabolism, genes involved in secondary metabolite pathways are marked by a high level of inter and intraspecific variation. The evolution of this diversity is predicted to be driven by gene duplication and consequent neo-functionalization of enzymes." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

PRIMARY FUNCTION GENES. "The critical function of the genes in these primary metabolic pathways may be constrained in the range of gene expression values that the pathways transcripts can occupy and the more specific definition of their biological activity may enhance our ability to detect this." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

METABOLIC DATABASES. "A rich source for testing the relationship between biological function, gene duplication and intraspecific genetic variation are databases describing the metabolic pathways known and predicted within a host of organisms. These databases provide specific metabolic roles for genes acting as a highly refined function prediction." https://lnkd.in/deyMTHD View in LinkedIn

CONSTRAINTS ON PRIMARY METABOLISM. "Another factor controlling the divergence and maintenance of gene duplicates is the biological function of the gene. It is commonly held that some essential biological processes, such as primary energy metabolism, may be constrained in their ability to vary." https://lnkd.in/deyMTHD View in LinkedIn

OLDER VERSUS YOUNGER GENES. "Given that segmental duplications are typically older than speciation events, it is likely that segmentally duplicated genes have fixed different functions and are in essence acting as unique genes. As such, it would be expected that increases in intraspecific variation may only be detected among younger tandem duplicated genes." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

METABOLIC VARIATION. "Gene duplication is thought to provide much of the genetic material allowing plants to generate a vast diversity of metabolites." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

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GENERATION OF VARIATION. "Gene duplication may also allow partitioning of function among genotypes within a species, leading to genetic differentiation/intraspecific variation. This process is contingent upon genetic neo-functionalization and would suggest that duplicated genes should show higher levels of intraspecific variation in gene expression than “unique” genes." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn