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EMERGENT POSSIBILITY. "Some AI researchers believe that true machine intelligence is possible – even inevitable. The argument goes like this: Computers will inexorably surpass human brains in complexity and processing power, machine consciousness will emerge, and the world will be transformed in wholly unpredictable ways." https://lnkd.in/d4iuTqi View in LinkedIn

DEEP BLUE "beat world chess champion Garry Kimovich Kasparov in Philadelphia in 1997. It was the first match Kasparov lost, ever. He apparently got spooked by the machine; according to press accounts, Kasparov said there were moments when the machine seemed to evince an unexpected creativity." https://lnkd.in/d4iuTqi View in LinkedIn

OLD THORN. "The fundamental question about any creative machine is whether its abilities derive only from its maker, or whether it is capable of independent and surprising originality. This key question dates back to the earliest efforts in robotics." https://lnkd.in/d4iuTqi View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this first of two weekends looking at the evolution of complexity in a granular way; the molecular manifestations and mechanisms that give rise to complexity follow familiar themes, in particular the repurposing of old parts, and the need for cooperation between parts to create novelty, in often ingenious combinations. Biochemistry is full of such ingenuity, which then becomes manifest phenotypically. View in LinkedIn

MODEL #3 CO-OPTION. "Many complex biological systems are characterized by a tight integration of component parts. New associations of existing substructures or proteins may give rise to new functions, thus it is not necessary for the system to evolve in toto." https://lnkd.in/dJG4bYH View in LinkedIn

MODEL #3 CO-OPTION. "Genes co-opted for new functions can give rise to developmental and physiological novelties." https://lnkd.in/dJG4bYH View in LinkedIn

MODEL #3 CO-OPTION. "In fact, a common theme of biological evolution is that existing structures are often put to new uses, and new structures are created from the old. “Co-option” is the term used to describe the recruitment of existing structures for new tasks. This recruitment can explain evolutionary increases in biological complexity." https://lnkd.in/dJG4bYH View in LinkedIn

MODEL #3. Co-option model. "Natural selection acts upon an existing set of structures within a particular environmental context. An altered environment demands altered responses from an organism. Consequently, it should not be surprising to find in the fossil record and in comparative anatomical and physiological studies evidence that some structures have been modified through time to serve different functions." https://lnkd.in/dJG4bYH View in LinkedIn

MODEL #2 NARRATIVE. "Carbon atoms entering the Calvin-Benson cycle within a chloroplast may find their way into any one of many different molecules and be shunted into other pathways. There are also many cases of a redundancy of enzymatic components, or variant isoforms. Gene duplications increase the number of genes in a species, which can then evolve in different ways." https://lnkd.in/dJG4bYH View in LinkedIn

MODEL #2 NARRATIVE. "Metabolic systems can be viewed as complex traits, because individual metabolic enzymes in isolation are rarely pertinent to in vivo physiology until they become part of an organized metabolic pathway. Extant metabolic pathways in general contain a set of enzymes catalyzing sequential reactions in a highly concerted manner." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.12416/full View in LinkedIn