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WHY DOUBLE FERTILIZATION OCCURS. “Of the two sperm cells, one sperm fertilizes the egg cell, forming a diploid zygote; the other sperm fuses with the two polar nuclei, forming a triploid cell that develops into the endosperm. Together, these two fertilization events in angiosperms are known as double fertilization. After fertilization is complete, no other sperm can enter. The fertilized ovule forms the seed, whereas the tissues of the ovary become the fruit, usually enveloping the seed.” https://lnkd.in/dQYs2c2 View in LinkedIn

OPEN ISSUES. “Determination of fertilization targets during the gametic phase of double fertilization is still largely unknown but must require complex gamete recognition and/or blocking polyspermy in both female gametes.” http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms5722?WT.ec_id=NCOMMS-20140829 View in LinkedIn

IN SILICO EVOLUTION. “We propose a novel class of formal dynamical systems, which are referred to as self-programming or constructive. We believe that these systems form natural models for functional self-organization in prebiotic and proto-biological systems. We shall use the computer as a ''test-tube'' to follow the dynamics of these systems and in particular investigate their emergent functional properties." (1991). https://lnkd.in/dWGaP8C View in LinkedIn

KARL SIMS (more later): "Uses a parallel supercomputer to evolve not only textures for his graphic creations, but entire images, all generated by natural selection." https://lnkd.in/dJpC_P3 View in LinkedIn

NATURAL SELECTION ALGORITHM. "Almost twenty years ago...John Holland minted "the genetic algorithm", a means by which the rules of natural reproduction, particularly natural selection, could be used to literally evolve computer programs. The results can be viewed as organisms." https://lnkd.in/dJpC_P3 View in LinkedIn

LUNATICS INVITED. “Biological engineering could become as common as software engineering, bringing millions of new developers into the field. Lunatics must be expected.” http://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2013/06/feature-bio-crime/the-bio-crime-prophecy View in LinkedIn

PROGRAMMING LIFE. “Science has evolved to the point where human beings can write DNA code as well. As a result, thousands of scientists, known as genetic engineers, are programming living things directly.” https://lnkd.in/dkjx-Yi View in LinkedIn

DNA IS PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE. “And hackers are going to love DNA. Fundamentally, DNA is just a programming language for living tissues. DNA hackers will write programs for living cells to run, just like computer hackers write programs for computers to run. Today’s most leading-edge scientists have only started doing this, and there is no telling where it will go.” http://blogs.wsj.com/experts/2015/04/28/how-future-hackers-will-target-your-dna/ View in LinkedIn