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TRACE RECOVERY. “But in the study’s most startlingly discovery, the scientists found they could re-activate the lost memory by re-stimulating the nerves with a high-frequency blast.” http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2645740/How-flash-light-delete-bad-memories-Breakthrough-help-dementia-patients.html View in LinkedIn

OPTICAL LASERS. “The rats soon learned to associate the optical nerve stimulation with pain and displayed fear when the nerves were stimulated. The scientists then used a series of low-frequency optical lasers to stimulate the same nerves in a different way, erasing the memories.” http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2645740/How-flash-light-delete-bad-memories-Breakthrough-help-dementia-patients.html View in LinkedIn

SYNAPSE SURGERY. "British scientist says memories of spending the night with Marilyn Monroe could be implanted into the brain. Professor Bliss, 75, from the Francis Crick Institute in London, said it was only a matter of time before memory was fully understood and mastered.” http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/12179994/British-scientist-says-memories-of-spending-the-night-with-Marilyn-Monroe-could-be-implanted-into-the-brain.html View in LinkedIn

“MANIPULATING MEMORIES by tinkering with brain cells is becoming routine in neuroscience labs. Last year, one team of researchers used a technique called optogenetics to label the cells encoding fearful memories in the mouse brain and to switch the memories on and off, and another used it to identify the cells encoding positive and negative emotional memories, so that they could convert positive memories into negative ones, and vice versa.” https://www.theguardian.com/science/neurophilosophy/2015/mar/09/false-memories-implanted-into-the-brains-of-sleeping-mice View in LinkedIn

IMPLANTED MEMORIES. “The new work, published today in the journal Nature Neuroscience, shows for the first time that artificial memories can be implanted into the brains of sleeping animals.” https://www.theguardian.com/science/neurophilosophy/2015/mar/09/false-memories-implanted-into-the-brains-of-sleeping-mice View in LinkedIn

INVASIVE PROOF OF CONCEPT. "Malinow believes that he has the potential to do something revolutionary: erase a memory or reactivate it at will. Optogenetics relies on the ability to insert a protein into nerve cells that will make them sensitive to light. Researchers can then activate the cells by exposing them to a light pulse: each time the light hits the cells, the nerve fires.” http://www.newyorker.com/science/maria-konnikova/can-memories-implanted-removed View in LinkedIn

IMPLANTING FALSE MEMORIES in a mouse. “Not only did these scientists identify the brain cells involved in encoding a single memory, but they also manipulated these cells to insert a false memory.” http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/meet-two-scientists-who-implanted-false-memory-mouse-180953045/ View in LinkedIn

DEPRESSION AND ADDICTION. “Positive memory engram activation has recently been shown to alleviate stress-induced models of depression in mice. Furthermore, tagging and interfering with engram cells for cocaine-related memories has been reported as possible treatment avenues of drug addiction.” http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959438815001270 View in LinkedIn