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DEEP PENETRATION. “If a planet lacks an atmosphere, particles are able to directly strike the surface and the cascade of secondary particles is able to propagate underground. The secondary particles produced in the cascade, such as pions and kaons, are highly unstable, and quickly decay to other particles including beta particles (electrons and positrons) and gamma rays. It must be noted that beta particles and gamma rays are also produced during radioactive decay in underground rock. When charged pions decay muons are produced, and these can travel several kilometres deep depending on their energy.” https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2016.0459 View in LinkedIn

SUBSURFACE SECONDARY PARTICLES. “Upon interaction with a planetary atmosphere or surface, Galactic cosmic rays produce a cascade of secondary particles that include electrons, positrons, gamma rays, neutrons and muons. Muons can travel several kilometres deep below the surface depending on their energy. These secondary particles can induce radiolysis and as described later, possibly power a subsurface ecosystem.” https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2016.0459 View in LinkedIn

COSMIC RADIATION SOURCE. “In the light of these findings, it is reasonable to propose that instead of or in addition to in situ energy sources, the radiation (potentially supporting radiolysis-based life) can be of cosmic origin. Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) are charged particles, mostly protons, originating beyond the Solar System. They have relatively lower flux but possess much higher energy than other radiation sources on Earth, and have noteworthy biological effects on terrestrial life and possibly on extrasolar planets.” https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2016.0459 View in LinkedIn

PLANT EFFECTS. “It is found that variable magnetic field exposure time rate (l00 mTlhr) is a very significant factor in influencing the germination process of seeds Zea mays in compared with non treated seeds. It is observed, that the root length, radicle length and protein percentage increased by 31.14%, 4.15% and 11.32% respectively.” https://lnkd.in/esUKMvT View in LinkedIn

NUCLEAR POWERED LIFE. “Such an organism can potentially thrive in subsurface environments on Mars, Moon, Europa or other planetary systems in the presence of radioactive substances.A comprehensive analysis on the availability of nuclear power for deep surface microbes has also been done.” https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2016.0459 View in LinkedIn

MAGNETIC LITERATURE. “The literature describing the effects of weak MFs on living systems contains a plethora of contradictory reports, few successful independent replication studies and a dearth of plausible biophysical interaction mechanisms. Most such investigations have been unsystematic, devoid of testable theoretical predictions and, ultimately, unconvincing.” https://lnkd.in/dCeCN2g View in LinkedIn

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PLANTS AND MAGNETISM. “Plants react in a multitude of ways to geomagnetic fields—strong continuous fields as well as alternating magnetic fields. In the past, physiological investigations were pursued in a somewhat unsystematic manner and no biological advantage of any magnetoresponse is immediately obvious. As a result, most studies remain largely on a phenomenological level and are in general characterised by a lack of mechanistic insight, despite the fact that physics provides several theories that serve as paradigms for magnetoreception.” https://lnkd.in/e8iVbps View in LinkedIn

RADIOLYTIC BACTERIUM. “Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator is such an example, which thrives in a radiolysis-powered ecosystem. Radiation from radioactive rock dissociates H2O into a number of radicals, useful for biological reactions. It is able to extract carbon from dissolved CO2 and nitrogen in the form of ammonia from the rock, and utilize them to synthesize amino acids.” https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2016.0459 View in LinkedIn

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