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TWO WAY. “The relationship between the circadian system and metabolism appears to be bidirectional. In addition to circadian system disruptions causing obesity, metabolic abnormalities alter circadian rhythms.” https://lnkd.in/dH6Ha79 View in LinkedIn

“LOSS OF CLOCK function in peripheral tissues similarly affects metabolism. For example, altering Clock gene expression in liver and skeletal muscle impairs glucose processing and alters insulin secretion.” https://lnkd.in/dH6Ha79 View in LinkedIn

Ideas? View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this first of two weekends on regulatory kernels and gene regulatory networks in animals. At the heart of biochemical and genetic regulation are failsafe mechanisms based on recursive redundancy, sometimes at many levels for the same operative node; this ensures that critical functions are protected in the case of malfunctions of individual components. Nature is determined to continue the flame of life against all adverse odds, as illustrated by these feedback loops. View in LinkedIn

CONTINUALLY RECURRING. “Kernel TFs show a high degree of cross-regulation (recursive wiring) that provides robustness to kernel function and enables combinatorial coding of downstream target genes—a vehicle for complex decision making.” (TF = transcription factors). https://lnkd.in/dfCi2dc View in LinkedIn

CASE STUDY. “Kernels are the combination of evolutionarily conserved elements that specify the body plan and perform the executive functions of the network; for example, the combination of transcription factors (TFs) conserved from Drosophila to Homo sapiens that direct heart development.” https://lnkd.in/dfCi2dc View in LinkedIn

HUNT FOR THE MASTERPLAN. “Emphasis has since been placed on elucidating a general GRN framework that could describe development, and this has given rise to additional concepts: for instance, (1) kernels, (2) subcircuits, (3) switches, and (4) gene batteries.” (GRN = gene regulatory networks). https://lnkd.in/dfCi2dc View in LinkedIn

ELECTRICAL ANALOGY. “The GRN concept appreciated that different elements are spread across the genome, requiring an integrated circuitry with a hierarchical structure, and that a limited number of integrators were required to control many subservient genes.” (GRN = gene regulatory networks). https://lnkd.in/dfCi2dc View in LinkedIn

KEY CONCEPT. “Britten and Davidson furthered this idea by introducing the concept of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) as hierarchical operating systems regulating mammalian development. Their early conceptualization of a metazoan GRN was visionary, anticipating many elements of current network theory and evolution, including redundancy, feedback regulation, the relationship between genome size and regulatory complexity, and the role of nuclear RNA in network regulation.” (GRN = gene regulatory networks). https://lnkd.in/dfCi2dc View in LinkedIn

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