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STRESSORS. "Recently, it was shown that apart from hydraulic signals, electric signals also play a significant role in root-to-shoot communication of drought-stressed plants. Re-irrigation of plants after soil drying initiates rapid hydraulic as well as electric signalling which affects the gas exchange of leaves." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0098847214001634 View in LinkedIn

DOCUMENTATION. "The transmission of both, APs and VPs, occurs via the phloem over long distances and via plasmodesmata over short distances from cell to cell. Regarding physiological functions of electrical signals, numerous examples exist. They regulate rapid leaf movements in order to catch insects and for instance, affect nutrient uptake, gene expression and phloem transport." (APs = action potentials; VPs = variation potentials). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0098847214001634 View in LinkedIn

WIDESPREAD PHENOMENON. "The reader may probably have Mimosa pudica or Venus flytrap in mind as classic examples of electrically mediated leaf closure, but all plants depend in one form or another upon electrical signaling." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11229-016-1040-1 View in LinkedIn

ALTERNATIVE MECHANISM. "Rapid closure is brought about by a combination of elastic properties and biochemical/biophysical changes in the motor cells. However, unlike animal neuronal action potentials in which Na+/Ca2+ ions carry the depolarizing phase of the action potential, the rapid depolarization component of the Venus flytrap action potential is most likely brought about by the opening of rapid (R-type) anion channels since plants lack the voltage-sensitive cation channels that characterise animal excitability." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098221300849X View in LinkedIn

CHEMICAL AND ELECTRICAL SIGNALS. "Plant cells, like animal ones, exhibit polarity and have an endocytosis-driven vesicle recycling apparatus that permits the secretion of signaling molecules." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11229-016-1040-1 View in LinkedIn