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FERMENTATIVE METABOLISMS. "Baleen whales, which prey on animals (fish and crustaceans), harbor unique gut microbiomes with surprising parallels in functional capacity and higher level taxonomy to those of terrestrial herbivores. These similarities likely reflect a shared role for fermentative metabolisms despite a shift in primary carbon sources from plant-derived to animal-derived polysaccharides, such ras chitin." https://lnkd.in/dDPhaBp View in LinkedIn

APPLES AND ORANGES. "By definition, learning is a process for acquiring memories by which adaptive changes in an organism’s behaviour arise as a result of experience. Recognizing and quantifying such behavioral changes has proven to be no easy task in human and animal subjects, let alone in plants whose ability to behave is still an underappreciated phenomenon." https://lnkd.in/dH68RKn View in LinkedIn

SLOW LEARNER. "Once the domain of psychologists, research on learning and memory has extended its reach beyond the study of human behaviour to include several animal species and more recently, even machines." https://lnkd.in/dH68RKn View in LinkedIn

GENETICS AND ANATOMY. "These anatomical modifications reflect underlying genetic changes such as the reduction of olfactory receptor genes, although mysticetes retain some olfactory abilities. Modifications of the facial and nasal region of odontocetes reflect specialization for biosonar sound production." https://lnkd.in/dpT89Y8 View in LinkedIn

CANDIDATE WINNOWING. "Re-evaluation of previously presented examples of plant intelligence shows that only some of them pass our test." https://lnkd.in/dfsCv77 View in LinkedIn

RIGOROUS RE-EVALUATION. "To qualify as memories, traces of past events have to be not only stored, but also actively accessed. We propose a criterion for eliminating false candidates of possible plant intelligence phenomena in this stricter sense: an “intelligent” behavior must involve a component that can be approximated by a plausible algorithmic model involving recourse to stored information about past states of the individual or its environment." https://lnkd.in/dfsCv77 View in LinkedIn

BURNT NORTON (TSE)" ""Time present and time past" "Are both perhaps present in time future" "And time future contained in time past." https://lnkd.in/gWpeKKa View in LinkedIn

MEMORY AND TIME. "Studies of plant intelligence have tended to concentrate on memory as a benchmark of intelligent behavior. Although memory has a bearing on all three modalities of time, including a remembered past event, the present of storage and the possibility of future retrieval, it is a marker of intelligence heavily biased toward the past." https://lnkd.in/dMHAtyp View in LinkedIn