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SIMPLE MODIFICATIONS. "Except in rare cases, aquatic plants have merely exploited the reproductive features of their terrestrial ancestors by simple modifications." https://lnkd.in/dh26Z3X View in LinkedIn

Overgrowth of marly limestone with the equivalent of stalactite material. View in LinkedIn

MULTIPLE PATHWAYS. "Aquatic plants are an extremely heterogeneous assemblage of species that survive in similar habitats but as a result of fundamentally different evolutionary pathways." https://lnkd.in/dAT9Bid View in LinkedIn

MULTIPLE EVENTS. "The transition to an aquatic life has been achieved by only 2% of the approximately 350,000 angiosperm species. Nevertheless, the evolutionary invasion of aquatic environments by terrestrial angiosperms is estimated to represent 50-100 independent events." https://lnkd.in/dh26Z3X View in LinkedIn

RETURN TO WATER. "The plant kingdom contains multicellular phototrophs that usually live on land. The earliest plant fossils are from terrestrial deposits, although some plants have since returned to the water." https://lnkd.in/d6dpu-q View in LinkedIn

CONFUSING. "Aquatic plants are notoriously difficult to study systematically due to convergent evolution and reductionary processes that result in confusing arrays of morphological features.” http://www.pnas.org/content/88/22/10119.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

THE GREAT ALGAL JUMP. "Algae dominated the oceans of the precambrian time over 700 million years ago. Between 500 and 400 million years ago, some algae made the transition to land, becoming plants by developing a series of adaptations to help them survive out of the water." https://lnkd.in/d6dpu-q View in LinkedIn

CANDIDATE ALGAE. "Fossil and biochemical evidence indicates plants are descended from multicellular green algae. Various green algal groups have been proposed for this ancestral type, with the Charophytes often being prominently mentioned. Cladistic studies support the inclusion of the Charophytes (including the taxonomic order Coleochaetales) as sister taxa to the land plants." https://lnkd.in/d6dpu-q View in LinkedIn

COMPLEX DORMANCY. "We are also catching first glimpses of the complex web of hormonal and gene expression regulatory pathways controlling seed dormancy, as well as the intricate interplay of light-dependent signals such as phytochrome modification, circadian rhythms and phytormonones implicated in light-controlled developmental regulation." https://lnkd.in/dfsCv77 View in LinkedIn