Category: Uncategorized

TRADITIONAL MODEL. “Under this ‘phylogenetic’ model, complexity of mimetic muscle morphology increased in a simple linear, step-wise fashion up the phylogenetic scale until humans, where the ultimate in complexity was achieved. This view has traditionally also been applied to facial display repertoire, with the most simple, undifferentiated displays being rooted in the prosimians, ever increasing in a step-wise, linear fashion up to humans, where the most complex, subtle, and graded displays are found.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12440/full View in LinkedIn

ROOTS OF MODERN THINKING. “Much of our previous understanding of mimetic musculature and its evolution in primates was rooted solely in phylogeny. Huber (1931) held that facial expression musculature was the simplest and least complex in prosimians (complexity here referring to number of individual muscles, relative sizes, interconnections, and attachment sites).” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12440/full View in LinkedIn

FACIAL MECHANICS. “Internal facial morphology consists of the mimetic musculature and its motor supply, branches of the facial nerve. Mimetic musculature is responsible for generating facial displays or facial expressions. These displays assist in regulating and maintaining social bonds and the social group by cueing conspecifics to the emotional and behavioral intentions of the sender.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12440/full View in LinkedIn

TRIBAL MAKEUP. “Skin coloration and patterning make up the ‘external morphology’ of the face. External morphology provides cues on identity, both at the species and individual levels, and is important in assigning identity for recognition of kin, individuals, and mate recognition.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12440/full View in LinkedIn

THE EPHEMERAL SMILE. “The mimetic muscles that control smiling, dominated by quick-to-fatigue type II myosin fibers, typically fire that smile quickly but we tire after just a minute or so of holding that smile for family photos.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12440/full View in LinkedIn

TYPE II FIBERS. “In humans, these types of fibers tend to dominate in muscles of the face and in the human hand. Furthermore, the potential instantaneous force that each fiber type can generate differs, with slow-twitch myosin fibers generating a lower instantaneous force compared with fast-twitch.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12440/full View in LinkedIn

FAST-TWITCH MYOSIN. “Type II fibers consist of a number of isoforms (different sub-types) but overall they are able to contract more quickly than type I fibers and use less energy. As a trade-off, they are quick to become fatigued and cannot hold the contraction as long as type I fibers.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12440/full View in LinkedIn

SLOW-TWITCH MYOSIN. “There are several types of myosin proteins but the most abundant and best understood for mammalian skeletal muscle physiology are type I (slow-twitch) and type II (fast-twitch) myosin. Type I fibers take more time and more energy to contract. As a trade-off, they are slow to fatigue and hold the contraction longer. In humans, these types of fibers tend to dominate in muscles of the limbs (except for the hand) and spine.“ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12440/full View in LinkedIn

The first atom of the universe. View in LinkedIn

FAST VS SLOW. “Burrows et al. (2014) demonstrated that humans have a greater percentage of fast-twitch fibers than slow-twitch fibers, and the relationship holds true for both the closely related chimpanzees and the distantly related rhesus macaques. However, humans have a significantly higher percentage of slow-twitch myosin fibers than either chimpanzees or rhesus macaques.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joa.12440/full View in LinkedIn