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LUMINOUS OUTPUT. “The region encircling the magnetic poles where the current systems flow is also called the auroral oval, as this is the region where particles precipitating from the plasma sheet and colliding with atmospheric atoms and molecules create visible auroral light.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

A THOUSAND CUTS. “The ring current decays via charge exchange processes and Coulomb collisions with the exospheric particles.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

RING CURRENT COMPOSITION. “During magnetically active times, ion outflow from the ionosphere is greatly enhanced, and consequently the ring current composition changes from being dominated by solar wind protons and doubly charged helium to consisting large percentages (up to dominating the mass and energy density) of ionospheric oxygen and to lesser amounts of singly charged helium.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

“THE RING CURRENT encircling the Earth roughly in the region 2–7 RE from the Earth consists of plasmas originating both from the solar wind and the ionosphere. The ring current typically consists of ions in the energy range from a few tens of keV to several hundred keV, and has a highly variable intensity controlled by the level of geomagnetic activity.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

BETWEEN ELECTRIC FIELDS. “In the vicinity of this boundary, the plasma density has a sharp gradient; this is known as the plasmapause. Particles inside the trapping boundary remain on closed drift paths around the Earth while those outside the trapping boundary drift under the dawn-to-dusk electric field to the dayside boundary and are lost in the outer magnetosphere and eventually to the solar wind.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn