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THE LEAP. “In this Letter, an analogue of Einstein’s general relativity, with appropriate restrictions to highlight spatial, rather than temporal, behaviour, is proposed as a preliminary attempt towards an infrared continuum description.” (From sand clumping to quantum phenomena). https://lnkd.in/dusKMKM View in LinkedIn

MODEL. “The great variety of observed and simulated phenomena pertaining to granular matter motivates attempts to construct a simple unified description in the infrared, which captures the essence of the properties without depending too strongly on the underlying microscopics.” https://lnkd.in/dusKMKM View in LinkedIn

FILAMENTOUS. “In addition, time-series analyses of density heterogeneities in granular matter under stress exhibit appearance of filamentary structures in the density profile.” (The cosmos equally has a filamentous appearance). https://lnkd.in/dusKMKM View in LinkedIn

CRITICAL POINTS. “Despite this, ‘critical behaviour’ similar to thermal critical phenomena, characterized by a correlation length that diverges at the jamming-unjamming transition, and power-law critical exponents, have been observed in such materials.” https://lnkd.in/dusKMKM View in LinkedIn

ISSUE OF SCALE. “For such materials, there is an absence of a clear separation of scales between the microphysics and macrophysics.” https://lnkd.in/dusKMKM View in LinkedIn

KEPLER PACKING. “Trapped surfaces form late in the collapse process, only when a certain threshold density is reached, analogous to the critical packing fraction required for jammed states in granular matter. In Fig. 2, untrapped and trapped surfaces are shown, with volume expansion of constant-time (spacelike hypersurface) slices of flat Minkowski spacetime, and volume con- traction occurring for a gravitationally collapsing body.” https://lnkd.in/dusKMKM View in LinkedIn

CONFLICTING STATES. “The laws appear to have firm underpinnings in out-of-equilibrium, nonlinear physical interactions, even though jamming per se appears to be a steady state feature.” https://lnkd.in/dusKMKM View in LinkedIn

ON BLACK HOLES AND JAMMED SAND. ‘In the gravity analogue, these states are proposed to map to untrapped and trapped surfaces which occur in general relativity, most spectacularly in gravitational collapse of a star to a black hole.” https://lnkd.in/dusKMKM View in LinkedIn

THE PROBLEM. “This dichotomic behaviour is at the heart of difficulties in the extensive ongoing and past assays in theoretical analyses of the laws that govern such materials.” https://lnkd.in/dusKMKM View in LinkedIn

THE ANALYSIS. “Isotropically Jammed states: A simple representative of an isotropically jammed state in a granular substance, in contrast to an unjammed state is depicted in Fig. 1, showing that for the same total number of grains, jamming clearly entails a contraction of the spatial volume.” https://lnkd.in/dusKMKM View in LinkedIn