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UNRESOLVED ANSWER. “However, we found no evidence for this, and frequently paralogs within the same genome are closely related. We would argue that this does not mean that we should discount the hypothesis that cif paralogs accumulate within the same genome because they encode bidirectionally incompatible CI factors.” (CI = cytoplasmic incompatibility). https://lnkd.in/dXjWp9f View in LinkedIn

DIRECTIONALITY HYPOTHESIS. “This is because females harboring additional Wolbachia strains will be compatible with all males in the population. An equivalent process will promote the invasion and maintenance of cif paralogs within the same genome, provided that they encode bidirectionally incompatible modification and rescue factors. If bidirectionally incompatibility evolves gradually, this hypothesis predicts that paralogous cif genes within a genome might be distantly related.” https://lnkd.in/dXjWp9f View in LinkedIn

GENERIC DIVERSITY. “Wolbachia genomes often carry multiple cifA–cifB gene pairs. This is analogous to the frequent occurrence of multiple Wolbachia strains within the same host individuals. Both experimental and theoretical studies have demonstrated that such multiple infections can invade host populations provided the strains carry different modification and rescue factors.” https://lnkd.in/dXjWp9f View in LinkedIn

LAYERED PIGGYBACK. “Indeed, cif genes that lose their association with mobile elements may ultimately go extinct as they would be less likely to undergo horizontal transfer. As argued by Beckmann, Bonneau, et al. (2019), in some cases CI may be best viewed as an adaptation of mobile genetic elements to spread within Wolbachia populations.” (CI = cytoplasmic incompatibility). https://lnkd.in/dXjWp9f View in LinkedIn

MINOR PLAYER. “However, this does not mean that phages are not a major route of horizontal transmission of cif genes, and the association between cif genes and mobile genetic elements supports the idea that the ability to move horizontally between genomes may be an important adaptation of these elements.” https://lnkd.in/dXjWp9f View in LinkedIn

BIG UNKNOWNS. “These theorems claim to assume nothing about the unknown behavior of quantum gravity in regions of very high curvature” inside a black hole. https://lnkd.in/dUKnus8 View in LinkedIn

THE INFORMATION PROBLEM. “BH to WH scenarios, provided they can be given a solid foundation in quantum gravity, give a simple resolution of the black hole information problem and are counter-examples to propositions that form the basis of much of the work on quantum properties of black holes, such as the generalized second law and theorems predicting singularities in the interior of quantum black holes.” BH = black hole; WH = white hole). View in LinkedIn

KEY ASSUMPTION. “In this paper I assume that almost all of the negative energy associated with Hawking "partners" remains inside the white hole until it interacts with the rebounding matter that formed the black hole.” https://lnkd.in/dUKnus8 View in LinkedIn

TRANSITION EXPLAINED. “I have demonstrated that a smooth quasi-classical transition from an evaporating black hole to a white hole is consistent with a spacetime with the global causal structure of Minkowski spacetime, and does not require any large quantum effects outside regions of Planckian spacetime curvature. Whether this is actually consistent with quantum gravity remains an open question.” https://lnkd.in/dUKnus8 View in LinkedIn

Ancient arches in limestone on small round church in Girona. View in LinkedIn