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UNIVERSAL IMPORTANCE. “Magnetic fields are involved in every astrophysical process on every scale: from planetary and stellar interiors to neutron stars, stellar wind bubbles and supernova remnants; from the interstellar medium in galactic disks, nuclei, spiral arms and halos to the intracluster and intergalactic media. They are involved in essentially every particle acceleration process and are thus fundamental to non-thermal physics in the Universe.” https://lnkd.in/gTA_aVgT View in LinkedIn

“MAGNETIC FIELDS in AGN are observed from pc scales to Mpc scales, e.g. from the non-thermal filaments in the Galactic centre, VLBI polarimetry of radio galaxy cores, to polarization of jets, and radio lobes. They affect the accretion disk, jet collimation and particle acceleration, and contribute significantly to the pressure inside radio lobes.” (AGN = Active Galactic Nuclei). https://lnkd.in/gTA_aVgT View in LinkedIn

JETS OF IONS. “Active Galactic Nuclei, powered by accretion on a supermassive black hole, eject relativistic jets that interact with the interstellar and intergalactic medium on sub-pc to Mpc scales.” https://lnkd.in/gTA_aVgT View in LinkedIn

ORIGINS. “Acceleration to these extreme energies could be due to transients such as massive supernovae or compact object mergers, active-galactic nuclei, or galaxy clusters, though the exact mechanism is unclear.” https://lnkd.in/gTA_aVgT View in LinkedIn

EXTREME ENERGY. “Additionally, ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are extragalactic cosmic rays with energies exceeding 10(18) eV.” https://lnkd.in/gTA_aVgT View in LinkedIn

PARTICLE ACCELERATORS. “Galactic magnetic fields are thought to be responsible for the acceleration of electrons, positrons and ions to cosmic rays.” https://lnkd.in/gTA_aVgT View in LinkedIn

TURBULENT HEAVENS. “Galactic magnetic fields should not be treated as minor perturbations, but rather as key ingredients in a rich dynamically active environment.” https://lnkd.in/gTA_aVgT View in LinkedIn

LIMITS. “Now, to claim that kinetic energy and its properties are defined or governed by the classic thermodynamic model of temperature would be misleading.” https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/JHEP07(2019)140.pdf View in LinkedIn

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GIANT GRADIENTS. “That precise conservation gives rise to the existence of steady-state linear gradients on the large scale, and the expectation value of the kinetic energy (per particle) connects to temperature through the Boltzmann constant, e.g. with ⟨Ek ⟩ = 32 kB T in the kinetic theory of gases.” https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/JHEP07(2019)140.pdf View in LinkedIn