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CDC DATA ON BASAL CHLORINE-RESISTANT PATHOGENS. "Enteroviruses have moderate chlorine tolerance, while Protozoa have high tolerance to chlorine. Notably, those with higher resistance, particularly toxoplasma and cryptosporidium, need long (1440 and 90 minute) chlorine exposures to achieve a 99% kill rate." http://www.cdc.gov/safewater/effectiveness-on-pathogens.html View in LinkedIn

CHLORINE RESISTANCE IS EMERGING. "Pathogens such as Cryptosporidium are resistant to chlorination and can appear even in high quality water supplies. Cryptosporidium was the cause of the largest reported drinking water outbreak in U.S. history, affecting over 400,000 people in Milwaukee in April 1993. More than 100 deaths are attributed to this outbreak." http://www.waterandhealth.org/drinkingwater/wp.html View in LinkedIn

CHLORINE-RESISTANT PATHOGENS. "Some pathogens found in surface water are resistant to normal doses of chlorine but they are likely to be removed if appropriate treatment (e.g. fine filtration) is provided prior to chlorination." Methods are slow to change. This is less about developing new resistance than the known variation in basal susceptibility to chlorine toxicity. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheets-htm/chlorination.htm View in LinkedIn

RECENT WATER-BOURNE DISEASE OUTBREAKS. "From 1991 to 2000, there were 155 outbreaks and 431,846 cases of illness in public and individual water systems in the U.S. By far, the largest outbreak of this period occurred in 1993 with the emerging pathogen Cryptosporidium in Milwaukee." What follow-up analysis of the cause ensued? http://www.waterandhealth.org/drinkingwater/wp.html View in LinkedIn

IS CHLORINE RESISTANCE THE NEXT ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE? We all know about the antibiotic resistance crisis. But the same evolutionary pressures to survive are inevitably playing out with chlorine treatment of pathogens in drinking water. The high mutation rate of microbes, and their ability to live in all extreme habitats on earth (extremophiles) make it a certainty a sub-population is thriving. View in LinkedIn

WELL-FUNDED STAKEHOLDERS hold the microphone on issues of water chlorination, and selectively choose convenient facts. The misinformation war is alive and well in this hot topic. View in LinkedIn

PERU WAS NOT ABOUT CHLORINE. "Lancet said in no uncertain terms in 1992 that the cholera outbreak did not result from a deliberate decision by health officials ... the causes of the cholera epidemic in Peru were far more complex .... (a) the absence of water chlorination systems (or other water disinfection systems) in most of Peru; (e) the absence of sewage systems in many communities." http://www.rachel.org/?q=en/node/6430 View in LinkedIn

OLD HAW. "Opponents of the precautionary principle -- mainly friends of the chemical industry -- seized upon the "cholera in Peru" legend and began to tell it and retell it at every opportunity." http://www.rachel.org/?q=en/node/6430 View in LinkedIn

FALSE STORY IN FIRST PLACE. "precaution caused a cholera epidemic in Peru in 1991. The story isn't true -- and it was revealed as untrue in 1992 -- but that hasn't stopped it from being told, retold, and told again. It has now taken on the characteristics of an urban legend with a life all its own." http://www.rachel.org/?q=en/node/6430 View in LinkedIn

NCPA AND KOCH DRUM BEATERS. "According to an article in The Guardian newspaper, in 2008 the NCPA received USD 75,000 from ExxonMobil. ExxonMobil's public policy giving report for 2012 shows no donations to the NCPA. According to Greenpeace, the NCPA received at least USD 570,000 from Koch Industries in the eleven-year period ending in 2008." http://lnkd.in/dPAwk5X View in LinkedIn