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DENTAL CHALLENGES. "Although no epidemiologic evidence indicates a public health problem, the presence of substantial numbers of pathogens in dental unit waterlines generates concern. Exposing patients ... despite the lack of documented adverse health effects, is inconsistent with accepted infection-control principles." http://lnkd.in/dAQcxMd View in LinkedIn

A NEW MULTIDRUG DRUG RESISTANT WATER PATHOGEN is also resistant to chlorine. This pathogen is common in hospitals and has a significant mortality rate. Nasty combination Superbug. http://lnkd.in/dQeA6mf View in LinkedIn

CDC ON DENTAL WATER LINES. "Dental unit waterlines (i.e., narrow-bore plastic tubing that carries water to the high-speed handpiece, air/water syringe, and ultrasonic scaler) can become colonized with microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and protozoa ... these microorganisms colonize and replicate on the interior surfaces of the waterline tubing and form a biofilm." http://lnkd.in/dAQcxMd View in LinkedIn

"CHLORINE-RESISTANT PATHOGENIC protozoa such as Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum ... include opportunistic pathogens such as Pseudomonas auruginosa, Acinetobacter, Mycobacterium, Flavobacterium, Legionella and fecal Klebsiella that affect select populations at risk." http://lnkd.in/dssgvHd View in LinkedIn

DENTAL WATER STUDY, "researchers found that incoming tap water provides only part of the source organisms that lead to high bacterial contamination. An important part of the problem was shown to be the failure of anti-retraction (check) valves on dental hand pieces, thus permitting the "suck back" of patient blood, saliva and detritus into the dental water and air lines." http://www.aquatechnology.net/frame86055.html View in LinkedIn

LATERAL GENE TRANSFER AND RESISTANCE. "Scientists are finding a variety of newly evolved resistant bacteria thriving in our pipes and becoming more widespread with time. Emerging bacterial pathogens are ... successful at evading disinfection techniques ... Through horizontal gene transfer, bacteria quickly evolve ... by acquiring genes from distantly related species." http://lnkd.in/dbPBiwK View in LinkedIn

EMERGING WATER BORNE PATHOGENS. "These are new, re-emerging or drug resistant pathogens. Increasing urbanization and vast aging water distribution systems are the main cause of the emergence of these new threats, combined with horizontal gene transfer of resistance traits." http://lnkd.in/dAsva47 View in LinkedIn

INFRASTRUCTURE CONTAMINATION. "Many of the existing distribution systems are plagued with internal scaling and the growth of biofilms, and are susceptible to leaks and breaks. Biofilms are layers of microorganisms that attach themselves to surfaces and grow. The organisms are often chlorine-resistant and are possible conveyors of disease." http://lnkd.in/dssgvHd View in LinkedIn

MONITORING BUGS IN WATER IS IMPRACTICAL. "Some of the identified pathogens can be tested for at great cost, many times more than the cost of testing for coliform bacteria. For others, reliable detection methods have not yet been developed. Still other organisms have yet to even be identified by name." http://lnkd.in/dssgvHd View in LinkedIn

WRONG METRICS. "Large numbers of viruses enter water intakes daily. The inability of epidemiologists to detect waterborne transmission may be the result of preoccupation with disease rather than infection in index cases." http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?18493 View in LinkedIn