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ALTERNATIVES TO CHLORINATED DRINKING WATER are presented in thIs report, which include costs of converting from traditional treatments to a new or combination process. Some are in the eccentric side, at the very least. http://www.waterandhealth.org/drinkingwater/wp.html View in LinkedIn

SHOWER EXPOSURE to volatile organic compounds. "The chloroform dose to an individual from showering was determined based on exhaled breath analysis. The postexposure chloroform breath concentration ranged from 6.0-21 μg/m-3 while all corresponding background breath concentrations were less than 0.86 μg/m-3." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00542.x/abstract View in LinkedIn

WATER SYSTEM MANAGERS have the discretionary power to make complicated decisions about the public water supply in their district without consultations with the stakeholders, nor regulatory agencies. This is a rather remarkable situation. View in LinkedIn

SHOWER EXPOSURE TO TOXINS. "Traditional risk assessments for water often only consider ingestion exposure to toxic chemicals, even though showering has been shown to increase the body burden of certain chemicals due to inhalation exposure and dermal absorption." Strong peer reviewed references supporting chlorinated water's steam toxicity. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1469238/ View in LinkedIn

"WHILE ALTERNATIVE DISINFECTANTS (including chlorine dioxide, ozone, and ultraviolet radiation) are available, all disinfection methods have unique benefits, limitations, and costs. Water system managers must consider these factors, and design a disinfection approach to match each system's characteristics and source water quality." http://www.waterandhealth.org/drinkingwater/wp.html View in LinkedIn

BIOFILTRATION HELPS. "Although pre-ozonation may increase the formation of trihaloacetaldehydes or selected HNMs during post-chlorination or chloramination, biofiltration may reduce the formation potential of these by-products." http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/367/1904/4077.full View in LinkedIn

BIOFILTRATION HELPS. "Although pre-ozonation may increase the formation of trihaloacetaldehydes or selected HNMs during post-chlorination or chloramination, biofiltration may reduce the formation potential of these by-products." http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/367/1904/4077.full View in LinkedIn

NO STANDARD METHODS exist for water purification, and essentially each plant uses its own cookbook and set of analytics. Because of this, apples-to-apples comparisons is relatively impossible. Analytics, which demand sophisticated labs, are very inadequate, given the hundreds of chemicals of concern, and limited budgets. http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/367/1904/4077.full View in LinkedIn

NO PERFECT ALTERNATIVES. "Alternative primary or secondary disinfectants to chlorine (e.g. chloramines, chlorine dioxide, ozone, ultraviolet) that minimize the formation of some of the regulated DBPs may increase the formation of some of the emerging by-products." Not the last word. http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/367/1904/4077.full View in LinkedIn

1999 EPA MANUAL ON ALTERNATIVES for water purification including chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate, chloramine, peroxone, ultraviolet, or combination methods. http://lnkd.in/d46ur_y View in LinkedIn