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MEASURING FORCES ON SINGLE MOLECULES. "Optical tweezers instruments can be used to precisely measure piconewton forces and nanometer position changes; we can measure the properties of a single molecule, thus avoiding the configurational averaging that always takes place in a bulk experiment." https://lnkd.in/eSrxrde View in LinkedIn

OPTICAL TWEEZERS. "In the past decades, great efforts have been devoted to manipulate microparticles and even living cells under contactless conditions. Many different techniques have been proposed, such as optical tweezers and dielectrophoresis." https://lnkd.in/exRnhQ8 View in LinkedIn

WATER MEMORY VIDEO. Aerospace Institute in Stuttgart visualizes water droplets after various treatments, in an attempt to demonstrate water memory. This video has unleashed a great deal of critical commentary, fairly, because methods or publications are not available to support the findings. But, remember the baby and the bathwater. https://lnkd.in/etmfXmE View in LinkedIn

HYDROGEN BONDS. "Water does store and transmit information concerning solutes, by means of its hydrogen-bonded network. Changes to this cluster network brought about by solutes may take some time to re-equilibrate." https://lnkd.in/ejqzhbQ View in LinkedIn

ENZYMES. "There is a strange occurrence, similar to the ‘memory of water’, in enzyme chemistry where an effectively non-existent material still has a major effect; enzymes prepared in buffers of known pH retain (remember) those specific pH-dependent kinetic properties even when the water is removed such that no hydrogen ions are present." https://lnkd.in/ejqzhbQ View in LinkedIn

"CONDUCTIVITY oscillations (~0.5 Hz) at low concentrations of salts also show the weak tendency to equilibrium in such solutions." https://lnkd.in/ejqzhbQ View in LinkedIn

"WATER RESTRUCTURING after infrared radiation persists for more than a day, and water photoluminescence changes over a period of days. Changes to the structure of water are reported to last for weeks following exposure to resonant RIC (resistance inductance capacitance) circuits." https://lnkd.in/ejqzhbQ View in LinkedIn

SLOW EQUILIBRIA. "There are numerous other examples of the slow equilibration of aqueous solution. Thus, it can take several days for the effects of the addition of salts to water to finally stop oscillating and such solutions are still changing after several months showing a large-scale (~100 nm) domain structure." https://lnkd.in/ejqzhbQ View in LinkedIn

STABLE WATER CLUSTERS. "Support is growing behind the idea that these intricate structures play key roles in operations ranging from molecular binding to turning on and off basic cell processes." https://lnkd.in/eJcjvx8 View in LinkedIn

STABLE WATER CLUSTERS. "Evidence is mounting that water in living systems naturally gathers into frameworks of 14, 17, 21, 196, 280, or more molecules. Some say that the clusters' apparent existence necessitates redesigning simulation models of life processes." https://lnkd.in/eJcjvx8 View in LinkedIn