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FRAGMENT FROM NATURE this weekend continues on my award winning molecule, ATP synthase. Going from molecular design, function and mechanism we scope up this time to look at physiological and pathological manifestations of this beautiful and critically important enzyme complex. View in LinkedIn

CONTINUAL INFORMATION PROCESSING. "The organismic scale of homeostasis can be taken as either a global and interconnected set of reciprocal measurements, or else also as continuous information processing multilevel, in parallel and interactive." https://lnkd.in/e3j9PFZ View in LinkedIn

MEASUREMENT AS INFORMATION EXCHANGE. "Biological systems are internally full of the act of measurement. In fact, at the homeostatic level measurement is the very way in which living and non-living processes take place and interact and enhance each other." https://lnkd.in/e3j9PFZ View in LinkedIn

"MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION has been implicated in the development of a wide spectrum of major human diseases, including diabetes mellitus, heart disorders, neurodegeneration and cancer. Several therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondrial function have been applied in most cases without however the desired outcome." https://lnkd.in/euRS6NV View in LinkedIn

LEVELS OF ORDER. "The living organism is a system of systems. Besides, the structure of a living organism can be said to be fractal." https://lnkd.in/e3j9PFZ View in LinkedIn

STRUCTURE-FUNCTION CAUSALITY. "The Mitochondrial Permeability Transition (MPT) pore. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore plays a key role in heart disease. F-ATP synthase is the best molecular candidate for pore formation. Cyclophilin D is an important pore regulator but not a structural component. Cyclophilin inhibitors are promising but promiscuous drugs." https://lnkd.in/e5HJzaA View in LinkedIn

SIMULTANEOUS AND INSEPARABLE. "A complex understanding of life means the inseparability of the different parts, levels and scales of a living system. The interaction between the different levels, scales and parts is nonlinear, in other words, non-sequential." https://lnkd.in/e3j9PFZ View in LinkedIn

MUTATIONS OF ATP SYNTHASE. "The majority of mutations in the ATP synthase that are associated with disease are located in the mitochondrial ATP6 gene, which encodes subunit-a. This is likely reflective of the importance of subunit-a in the proton translocation." https://lnkd.in/ed8KNUV View in LinkedIn

NEW AREA. "In fact, nonequilibrium quantum phase transitions are much less known in comparison to the same phenomena in the macroscopic scale." https://lnkd.in/e3j9PFZ View in LinkedIn

MUTATIONS of ATP synthase causing human diseases. "The mitochondrial genome of humans encodes 2 subunits of the mitochondrial ATP synthase – subunits a and 8, with the remaining being encoded in the nucleus." https://lnkd.in/ed8KNUV View in LinkedIn