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NUMBER OF COPIES. "Proteins perform all the basic tasks in the cell, including producing energy, maintaining cell structures, regulating these processes and serving as signals to other cells. At any one time there can be anywhere from three to 10 million copies of a given protein in the cell." https://lnkd.in/eGii4i4 View in LinkedIn

MOMENT-BY-MOMENT. "Then there is the matter of sheer numbers. A cell expresses between 10,000 to 15,000 proteins at any one time.' https://lnkd.in/eGii4i4 View in LinkedIn

TOTAL NUMBER. "We estimate the expected total number of proteins per unit cell volume as 2–4 million proteins per cubic micron. Some reported values for fission yeast and mammalian cells using mass spectrometry are 3–10 times lower than these estimates." https://lnkd.in/e-mvp3k View in LinkedIn

OTHER EXAPTATION EXAMPLES. "Evolution is littered with examples of opportunism. Hosts infected by viruses found new uses for the genetic material the agents of disease left behind; metabolic enzymes somehow came to refract light rays through the eye’s lens; mammals took advantage of the sutures between the skull bones to help their young pass through the birth canal." https://lnkd.in/ehYPdVy View in LinkedIn

MEMBRANE PROTEN TARGETS. "Out of the 625 protein targets with known pharmacological action for approved drugs on the market at present, 148 are secreted and 372 membrane-bound." Only 2-3% of the human genome is currently a druggable target. https://lnkd.in/eyqgiYT View in LinkedIn

MOLECULAR EXAMPLE. "Research is also uncovering molecular examples of exaptation. For instance, genetic material left behind by viruses now plays an important role in mammalian pregnancy. While an exaptation is co-opted from another or no apparent use, an adaptation is constructed by natural selection for its current use." http://www.livescience.com/39688-exaptation.html View in LinkedIn

WORK IN PROGRESS. "An international research project called the Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) was set up along the same lines as the genome research project. The ultimate target is to analyse every protein in every tissue – including their changes over time and variants of the basic form. This undertaking would mean analysing 500,000, possibly even a million proteins." https://lnkd.in/eKcDV6b View in LinkedIn

MOLECULAR EXAMPLE. "Research is also uncovering molecular examples of exaptation. For instance, genetic material left behind by viruses now plays an important role in mammalian pregnancy. While an exaptation is co-opted from another or no apparent use, an adaptation is constructed by natural selection for its current use." http://www.livescience.com/39688-exaptation.html View in LinkedIn

92% PICTURE. "The human organism is made up of at least 18,097 different proteins, according to a study led by Bernhard Küster from Technische Universität München (TUM) and published in the May 2014 issue of the scientific journal Nature. Another study published in the same journal issue by a team led by Akhilesh Pandey from Johns Hopkins University in the US arrived at the slightly lower figure of 17,294 proteins." https://lnkd.in/eKcDV6b View in LinkedIn

"EXAPTATION is a term used in evolutionary biology to describe a trait that has been co-opted for a use other than the one for which natural selection has built it. For example, the earliest feathers belonged to dinosaurs not capable of flight. So, they must have first evolved for something else. Researchers have speculated early feathers may have been used for attracting mates or keeping warm. But later on, feathers became essential for modern birds’ flight." https://lnkd.in/eW-nNHx View in LinkedIn