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FOOD GENES TO BLOOD. "Complete Genes May Pass from Food to Human Blood. Based on the analysis of over 1000 human samples from four independent studies, we report evidence that meal-derived DNA fragments which are large enough to carry complete genes can avoid degradation and through an unknown mechanism enter the human circulation system. In one of the blood samples the relative concentration of plant DNA is higher than the human DNA." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0069805 View in LinkedIn

OLD DOGMA. "According to the standard paradigm large macromolecules consumed with food cannot pass directly to the circulatory system. During digestion proteins and DNA are thought to be degraded into small constituents, amino acids and nucleic acids, respectively, and then absorbed by a complex active process and distributed to various parts of the body through the circulation system." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0069805 View in LinkedIn

DNA IN FOOD. "Depending on the extent of processing, various fractions of DNA molecules of varying size may be present in the consumed product, even in processed food such as corn chips and chocolate." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0069805 View in LinkedIn

ATP RECEPTOR. "This receptor has a special place in inflammasome biology because its stimulation is still used as one of the most potent and reliable means to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. The P2X7R is ideally suited to respond to unusual, pathologic ATP tissue levels because of its very high EC50 for ATP (between 100 and 300 μM) and lack of desensitization. These features allow P2X7R to open most frequently when extracellular ATP is elevated above physiologic levels." https://lnkd.in/eNNPn5D View in LinkedIn

FLOATING IN A SEA OF DNA. "We are constantly exposed to foreign DNA from various sources like benign or malicious microbes in and on our body, pollens in the inhaled air and as the largest amount with the daily food supply. DNA molecules are ubiquitous in large numbers in all raw and unprocessed food." https://lnkd.in/ebnSqhQ View in LinkedIn

ATP ALARM SIGNAL "ATP itself is a very efficient extracellular distress signal because, with the extracellular level normally very low, even minute leaks can increase the pericellular concentration several fold." https://lnkd.in/eNNPn5D View in LinkedIn

DYSBIOSIS FAVORS HGT. "We present evidence suggesting that dysbiosis fuels horizontal gene transfer between members of this ecosystem" of the highly dense community of the gut microbiota. https://lnkd.in/eSfSRHf View in LinkedIn

EXTRACELLULAR ATP. "It is well known that the extracellular ATP concentration is negligible in healthy tissues (in the low nanomolar range), but it is equally well known that the extracellular ATP levels may rise to the high micromolar level following tissue damage at sites of inflammation or within the tumor microenvironment." https://lnkd.in/eNNPn5D View in LinkedIn

DYSBIOSIS FAVOR PATHOGENS. "Hundreds of bacterial species make up the mammalian intestinal microbiota. Following perturbations by antibiotics, diet, immune deficiency or infection, this ecosystem can shift to a state of dysbiosis. This can involve overgrowth (blooming) of otherwise under-represented or potentially harmful bacteria (for example, pathobionts)." https://lnkd.in/eSfSRHf View in LinkedIn

DEATH CASCADE. "Formation of inflammasomes in response to microbial or danger signals leads to cleavage of procaspase-1 into active caspase-1 enzyme, which further cleaves proforms of the inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18, into their active forms. Inflammasome activation also results in pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of cell death." https://lnkd.in/edtaHiu View in LinkedIn