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HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER. "In addition to the large contribution of genetic material to algal genomes through endosymbiosis (endosymbiotic gene transfer, EGT), several genes have been introduced to nuclear and organelle genomes independently through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events. The nuclear genomes of the diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum contain several hundred genes that appear to have been acquired from a wide range of bacteria through HGT." https://lnkd.in/eDtPqWt View in LinkedIn

STREAMLINED CHLOROPLAST BACTERIUM. "Over time, most genes of the primary endosymbiont were lost or transferred to the host genome, resulting in a highly reduced chloroplast genome encoding core elements of the photosynthetic machinery." https://lnkd.in/eDtPqWt View in LinkedIn

CHLOROPLAST EVOLUTION. "Chloroplasts originated from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria, with the original symbiotic event estimated to have occurred approximately 1.5 billion years ago. In order to achieve a mutually beneficial endosymbiosis, two major events happened. First, the endosymbiont transferred the bulk of its genes to the host genome, and second, it developed protein import systems to translocate proteins from the host cytoplasm back into the endosymbiont." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488912002844 View in LinkedIn

FAMILY OF PLANT PLASTIDS. "In plants, the chloroplast is only one of a number of plastids that include proplastids, etioplasts, chromplasts, leucoplasts, amyloplasts, elaioplasts, proteinoplast or aleuronoplasts and gerontoplasts. These plastids display different morphologies, perform specialized functions and store various biochemical compounds during plant development. Under certain conditions, plastid types can interconvert." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488912002844 View in LinkedIn

BIOSYNTHETIC FACTORY OF PLANTS. "The chloroplast is the major organelle in plant and algal cells responsible for photosynthesis. It is also the factory in which many other essential biosynthetic reactions occur, including synthesis of amino acids, fatty acids and terpenes." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488912002844 View in LinkedIn

"CHLOROPLASTS are essential organelles in the cells of plants and algae. The functions of these specialized plastids are largely dependent on the ~ 3000 proteins residing in the organelle. Although chloroplasts are capable of a limited amount of semiautonomous protein synthesis – their genomes encode ~ 100 proteins – they must import more than 95% of their proteins after synthesis in the cytosol." https://lnkd.in/eJUmTgD View in LinkedIn

THE ORIGIN OF THE CHLOROPLAST is parallel in many ways to the origin of the mitochondrion. Both were a consequence of symbiosis with ancient microorganisms, both involving large gene transfers of the new organelle to the nucleus, and both remained strangely semi-autonomous. And the nucleus itself had a similar bolt-on origin. All the most important organelles of the modern cell. View in LinkedIn

HETEROPLASMY. "Another phenomenon unique to the mitochondrial genome is the concept of heteroplasmy which arises due to the multiplicity of mtDNA copy number in each cell that can in turn give rise to a mixture of variant mtDNAs. The composition of variant mtDNAs can change over time and can differ by cell/tissue type within an individual or between individuals from the same mother, adding another dimension to mtDNA homeostasis." Not exactly clonal inheritance. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1873-3468.12061/full View in LinkedIn

EXTRANUCLEAR INHERITANCE IN MITOCHONDRIA. "In nuclear inheritance, genes of both male and female, present in nucleus of sperm and ovum are inherited following Mendelian principles. Recombinations possible due to meiotic crossing over. In extra nuclear inheritance, genes present in cytoplasm of ovum are inherited, Mendelian principles not followed. Recombinations not possible." https://lnkd.in/eHcDs4w View in LinkedIn

MATERNAL INHERITANCE is a hallmark of the mitochondria, the highly mutating streamlined cellular powerhouse. "In mammals, sperm-derived paternal mitochondria generally enter the oocyte cytoplasm after fertilization and temporarily co-exist in the zygote alongside an excess of maternal mitochondria. Nevertheless, the paternal mitochondria and their DNA are somehow eliminated and are never transmitted to offspring." https://lnkd.in/e6EDsuy View in LinkedIn