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"WHY A HIGHER MUTATION RATE occurs in the mitochondria in contrast to the nucleus appears related to the generation of genetic diversity useful in exploiting new ecological niches. In particular, the enzymes involved in energy generation by the mitochondrion. The mitochondrion is the powerhouse of the cell." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1873-3468.12061/full View in LinkedIn

FOSSIL RELIC OR CLEAR STRATEGY? "Chloroplasts contain their own genome that is a relic of the endosymbiont that gave rise to the organelle. The coding capacity of the plastome is limited, it only encodes 75–80 proteins of the 3500–4000 proteins present in the chloroplast." https://lnkd.in/ewFu3YE View in LinkedIn

NUCLEAR VS MITOCHONDRIAL MUTATION. "The high mutation rate of mtDNA (~10-fold higher than nuclear DNA) and the resulting variant haplotypes may have exerted a profound influence on human radiation across the world." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1873-3468.12061/full View in LinkedIn

BEYOND STREAMLINING. "The genome of extant chloroplasts encodes only ~ 100 proteins. Accordingly, more than 95% of chloroplast proteins are nuclear encoded, synthesized in the cytoplasm as precursor proteins and post-translationally imported into the plastids." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488912002844 View in LinkedIn

NUCLEAR VS MITOCHONDRIAL CONTROL. The engulfed ancient symbiotic bacteria that became the mitochondria transferred most of its genes to the host nucleus, which was itself of ancient symbiotic viral origin. Both remained reproductively independent, but the mitochondria was more genetically streamlined, while the nucleus remained the cellular genetic headquarters. View in LinkedIn

NUCLEAR DOMINANCE. "Plastids and mitochondria derive from prokaryotic symbionts that lost most of their genes after the establishment of endosymbiosis. In consequence, relatively few of the thousands of different proteins in these organelles are actually encoded there. Most are now specified by nuclear genes." https://lnkd.in/ePgs9VJ View in LinkedIn

HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER. "In addition to the large contribution of genetic material to algal genomes through endosymbiosis (endosymbiotic gene transfer, EGT), several genes have been introduced to nuclear and organelle genomes independently through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events. The nuclear genomes of the diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum contain several hundred genes that appear to have been acquired from a wide range of bacteria through HGT." https://lnkd.in/eDtPqWt View in LinkedIn

STREAMLINED CHLOROPLAST BACTERIUM. "Over time, most genes of the primary endosymbiont were lost or transferred to the host genome, resulting in a highly reduced chloroplast genome encoding core elements of the photosynthetic machinery." https://lnkd.in/eDtPqWt View in LinkedIn

CHLOROPLAST EVOLUTION. "Chloroplasts originated from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria, with the original symbiotic event estimated to have occurred approximately 1.5 billion years ago. In order to achieve a mutually beneficial endosymbiosis, two major events happened. First, the endosymbiont transferred the bulk of its genes to the host genome, and second, it developed protein import systems to translocate proteins from the host cytoplasm back into the endosymbiont." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488912002844 View in LinkedIn

CROSSING THE SPECIES BARRIER. "Though the transfer of viruses between different host species is rare, those that do cross the species barrier often lead to severe outbreaks; further adaptation can then result in the emergence of variants worldwide. For a virus to cross between species, several genetic adaptations need to occur in the virus." https://lnkd.in/eRYaKeC View in LinkedIn