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2ND ASSUMPTION. "Let us assume that every single gene in this total of 10(34) is unique and that evolution has been working on these genes for 4 Gyr completely changing each gene to some other unique, new gene every single year. This gives an extreme upper limit of 4×10(43) different amino acid sequences explored since the origin of life." https://lnkd.in/eyPrQUq View in LinkedIn

PROOFREADING AND MUTATION. "DNA viruses retain their proofreading function and have a lower mutation rate than RNA viruses, even though they share a generally similar lifestyle." https://lnkd.in/e9KGgbm View in LinkedIn

GENOME EDITING. "Phylogenetic analyses as well as GenBank database comparisons show that most natural genome-editing competences are not of cellular origin but represent original skills of viruses." https://lnkd.in/e-pJFM6 View in LinkedIn

RX TARGETS. "Because DNA polymerases can help cancer cells tolerate DNA damage, some of these enzymes may be viable targets for therapeutic strategies." https://lnkd.in/e_FVkkp View in LinkedIn

MUTATIONS AND CANCER. "Many point mutations that occur in cancer cells arise from the error-generating activities of DNA polymerases. However, the ability of some of these enzymes to bypass DNA damage may actually defend against chromosome instability in cells and at least one DNA polymerase, POLζ, is a suppressor of spontaneous tumorigenesis." https://lnkd.in/e_FVkkp View in LinkedIn

MANY AVENUES. "Given the existence of many DNA polymerases whose fidelity can vary over a 10,000-fold range, and given the multiple and complex transactions that all require DNA synthesis to maintain genome stability, there are probably many more ways to generate mutant cells that thrive despite reduced DNA synthesis fidelity. Thus, the current list of associations between defective DNA synthesis fidelity and cancer is almost certainly incomplete." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1535610803000278 View in LinkedIn

TUMOR FORMATION. "Genomic instability refers to an increased tendency of alterations in the genome during the life cycle of cells. It is a major driving force for tumorigenesis." https://lnkd.in/bam9PGn View in LinkedIn

AMPLIFICATION EFFECT. "Here is a stunning example of the consequences of RNA polymerase error rates. Tens of millions of humans are infected with HIV-1, and every infected person produces billions of viral genomes per day, each with one mutation. Over 10(16) genomes are produced daily on the entire planet. As a consequence, thousands of mutants arise by chance every day that are resistant to every combination of antiviral compounds in use or in development." https://lnkd.in/e9SMJNz View in LinkedIn

RNA VIRUS MUTATION RATE. "Given a typical RNA viral genome of 10,000 bases, a mutation frequency of 1 in 10,000 corresponds to an average of 1 mutation in every replicated genome. If a single cell infected with poliovirus produces 10,000 new virus particles, this error rate means that in theory, about 10,000 new viral mutants have been produced. This enormous mutation rate explains why RNA viruses evolve so readily." https://lnkd.in/e9SMJNz View in LinkedIn

DEFINED BY CONTEXT. "The function of a protein is often tied to its interactions, and many proteins function as components of large multiprotein complexes. Multiprotein complexes also will connect to each other in a cell to carry out coordinated biological functions. Every cell has a network of protein interactions, where these connections within and between proteins and complexes yield insights into cellular states." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-016-0913-4 View in LinkedIn