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PALINDROMIC PROTECTION. "Microbial cells are protected from viral infections by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats that act together with proteins to cleave single-stranded RNA...These repeats are therefore evolutionarily very old." http://jmcb.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/03/31/jmcb.mjr005.full View in LinkedIn

GENOMIC REGULATORS. "Reverse transcribed repetitive elements regulate genome organization." http://jmcb.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/03/31/jmcb.mjr005.full View in LinkedIn

REVERSE TRANSCRIBED DNA. "A large part of genomic repetitive DNA is reverse transcribed, and plays a major role in the physical structured order of the genome as well as formatting functions for expression, replication, transmission, repair, restructuring, cell division, and differentiation." http://jmcb.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/03/31/jmcb.mjr005.full View in LinkedIn

REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION. Normally, DNA is copied (transcribed) to RNA and then translated to protein. Reverse transcriptase enzymes copy RNA back to DNA. This is reverse transcription. RNA retrovirus, with the main nucleic acid being RNA, must do this to replicate in the host cell. It converts its RNA to the language of the host cell, DNA. Eukaryotes also have reverse transcriptase for a number of functions. https://lnkd.in/ehzihBW View in LinkedIn

SYMBIOTIC JUMPING GENES. "The largest part of complex genomes is represented by repetitive intronic mobile elements, which essentially contribute to evolution and diversification of host genomes and are not selfish or parasitic, but more or less symbiotic." Another huge new concept. http://jmcb.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/03/31/jmcb.mjr005.full View in LinkedIn

GENETIC ECOSYSTEM. "Contrary to the one gene—one protein consensus of the last century, we now know that there are many overlapping genes and dispersed genetic elements which together constitute genetic elements." An important new concept. http://jmcb.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/03/31/jmcb.mjr005.full View in LinkedIn

RETROVIRAL DEFECTIVES. "They do not alter inheritable DNA content but dynamically act on RNA transcripts, although there are some examples in which RNA genome editing may also become conserved status, especially by being reverse transcribed into DNA." http://jmcb.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/03/31/jmcb.mjr005.full View in LinkedIn

CO-OPTED VIRAL MACHINERY. "Also well documented is the co-opted function of a great variety of former retroviral parts such as env, gag, pol, that now play important roles in gene regulation of host organisms. These ‘defectives' that now function as effective regulatory elements share similar features as their viral relatives and in most cases act as ribozymatic structures or in ribozyme-like functions." http://jmcb.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/03/31/jmcb.mjr005.full View in LinkedIn

VIRAL EDITORS. "Persistent viral infection events most probably determine gene word order in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. A variety of examples demonstrate that these viral colonizers are still active in specific developmental processes in that they are expressed in a rather limited developmental window until the process is finished. Then they are regulatory silenced again." http://jmcb.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/03/31/jmcb.mjr005.full View in LinkedIn

BOTH TYPES OF EDITING. "There are several indicators that both kinds of natural genome editing agents are epigenetically regulated" (from environmental selective pressures). http://jmcb.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/03/31/jmcb.mjr005.full View in LinkedIn